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Aggregate exposure assessments using co-use scenarios could provide more realistic estimations than single product exposure assessment. Co-use scenarios for cosmetic products were determined from a ranking of the frequency of occurrence of co-use patterns and the number of cosmetics used. We conducted aggregate exposure assessments using the co-use scenarios and validated the new methodology by comparing the results to those of a receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment. The aggregate exposures of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) in cosmetics were estimated by co-use scenarios for cosmetics. The co-use scenario-based AED increased with the number of cosmetics in the co-use scenarios, and was higher in female and younger groups. The major contributors in females were facial cream for DEHP, nail polish for DnBP, and shower cologne or perfume for DEP. The major contributors in males were body lotion for DEHP, facial sunscreen for DnBP, and hair styling product for DEP. The distribution of the co-use scenario based AEDs displayed a similar trend to that of the receptor-based AEDs, with the 95th percentiles of the AED slightly underestimated in the co-use scenario. The applied methodology could provide reasonable aggregate exposures with relatively few resources required.
Miyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee. Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: II. Application and validation for phthalates. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 144, 111583 .
AMA StyleMiyoung Lim, Kiyoung Lee. Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: II. Application and validation for phthalates. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 144 ():111583.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee. 2020. "Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: II. Application and validation for phthalates." Food and Chemical Toxicology 144, no. : 111583.
The “co-use” patterns of cosmetics would be critical for accurate aggregate exposure assessment. The Korean national representative exposure factor database, which includes simultaneous usage patterns of 31 cosmetics by 1001 subjects, was used to analyze the co-use patterns by Koreans. Three analytical methods were applied to determine the co-use patterns. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between pairs. This method revealed an effect of gender on the cosmetics co-use pattern. Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed using the binary linkage distance method. The clusters were divided into one large cluster and small clusters of one or two cosmetics. Frequent pattern mining was performed using the eclat algorithm. The number of cosmetics used and co-use pattern were influenced by gender and age of the population. The co-use patterns exhibited an additive property in that new cosmetics were added to previous cosmetic combinations. A co-use scenario was proposed using the rank of occurrence frequency in co-use patterns and percentile values of the number of cosmetics used. The 16 co-use scenarios represented to the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of the co-use patterns for four gender-age groups. These could be applied to aggregate exposure assessment as exposure scenarios.
Miyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee. Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: I. Establishment of aggregate exposure scenarios. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 142, 111486 .
AMA StyleMiyoung Lim, Kiyoung Lee. Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: I. Establishment of aggregate exposure scenarios. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 142 ():111486.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee. 2020. "Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: I. Establishment of aggregate exposure scenarios." Food and Chemical Toxicology 142, no. : 111486.
Many consumer spray products are sold for various purposes. Use of spray products can cause adverse health effects. This study evaluated exposure factors for consumer spray products and assessed the particle inhalation exposure. Six consumer spray products were evaluated: an automobile interior cleaner, car deodorizing spray, anti-static spray, waterproofing spray, microorganism deodorizer, and disinfectant spray. The exposure factors were based on 10,000 respondents over 15 years old. Inhalation dose was calculated from the concentration released into the room air and time used. The use rates of the spray products ranged from 0.4 to 11% and differed significantly by gender (p < 0.001). Aerosol types had a higher mass per use and longer duration of usage than trigger types. The median concentration of the trigger type ranged from 17.35 to 373.38 mg/m3, while that of the aerosol type ranged from 36.66 to 1601.97 mg/m3. The median inhalation dose of the trigger and aerosol types ranged from 2.04 × 10-3 to 0.20 and 2.60 × 10-3 to 1.71 mg/kg/day, respectively. The inhalation dose of the disinfectant spray increased with the level of education (p < 0.001), while the inhalation doses of the other spray products were not significantly associated with gender, age, income, or education.
Hyerin Shin; Yelim Jang; Miyoung Lim; Ji Young Park; Wonho Yang; Kiyoung Lee. Characteristics of exposure factors and inhalation exposure to selected spray consumer products in Korean population. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2020, 110, 104513 .
AMA StyleHyerin Shin, Yelim Jang, Miyoung Lim, Ji Young Park, Wonho Yang, Kiyoung Lee. Characteristics of exposure factors and inhalation exposure to selected spray consumer products in Korean population. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2020; 110 ():104513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyerin Shin; Yelim Jang; Miyoung Lim; Ji Young Park; Wonho Yang; Kiyoung Lee. 2020. "Characteristics of exposure factors and inhalation exposure to selected spray consumer products in Korean population." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 110, no. : 104513.
Mold stain remover (MSR) is used to clean mold and mildew spots from surfaces and contains a variety of chemical substances. In this study, we estimated the inhalation and dermal exposures associated with the use of trigger spray MSRs, and performed screening-level risk assessments for the use of this type of product in Korea. Inhalation and dermal exposures were estimated using exposure algorithms based on exposure factors obtained from a nationwide survey of 10,000 participants and chemical analyses of the four most popular trigger spray MSRs. The hazard quotients (HQs) for noncancer risk and excess cancer risk (ECR) were calculated for each chemical. The mean inhalation exposure estimates for formaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride were 6.9 × 10-7, 1.7 × 10-7, 5.4 × 10-6, and 2.7 × 10-5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Dermal exposures of the chemicals were 5.7-6.5 times higher than inhalation exposures. The HQs for total exposure were all below 1, which indicated little noncancer risk from the use of MSRs. The safe ECR value of 1 × 10-6, was exceed in one subject for inhalation exposure of benzene and four subjects for dermal exposure of formaldehyde, while 19.8% for dermal exposure of benzene were above this value. Therefore, use of trigger spray MSRs in Korea should require more detailed exposure and risk assessment, especially for benzene.
Ji Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee; Kyunghee Ji; Wonho Yang; Ho-Sang Shin; Hyunhee Lim; Hunjoo Lee; Jaehoon An. Consumer exposure and risk assessment to selected chemicals of mold stain remover use in Korea. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 2019, 30, 888 -897.
AMA StyleJi Young Park, Miyoung Lim, Kiyoung Lee, Kyunghee Ji, Wonho Yang, Ho-Sang Shin, Hyunhee Lim, Hunjoo Lee, Jaehoon An. Consumer exposure and risk assessment to selected chemicals of mold stain remover use in Korea. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 2019; 30 (5):888-897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Kiyoung Lee; Kyunghee Ji; Wonho Yang; Ho-Sang Shin; Hyunhee Lim; Hunjoo Lee; Jaehoon An. 2019. "Consumer exposure and risk assessment to selected chemicals of mold stain remover use in Korea." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 30, no. 5: 888-897.
To estimate realistic exposure to a chemical, the aggregate exposure from multiple consumer products should be considered. A receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted according to individuals' exposure factors and simultaneous use patterns including co-use and non-use. A product-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted by product usage rates of population and users’ exposure factors. Two aggregate exposure assessments were compared. Exposure factors for 31 cosmetic products were collected by face-to-face interviews with 1,001 members of the Korean population through national representative sampling. The concentrations of phthalates in 214 cosmetic products were analyzed by GC-MS-MS. The average aggregate exposure dose (AED) determined by the receptor-based method for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were 0.68 ± 0.87, 1.08 ± 5.71, and 2.47 ± 9.05 μg/kg/day, respectively. The cosmetics that contributed most to the receptor-based AED were skin care and body care products for DEHP, nail care products for DnBP, and fragrance and hair care products for DEP. The young female group showed the highest exposure. The product-based aggregate exposure assessment method underestimated high exposure but overestimated average exposure for DnBP and DEP. The receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment method would be used to determine high exposure groups.
Miyoung Lim; Ji Young Park; Jae-Eun Lim; Hyo-Bang Moon; Kiyoung Lee. Receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment of phthalates based on individual's simultaneous use of multiple cosmetic products. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019, 127, 163 -172.
AMA StyleMiyoung Lim, Ji Young Park, Jae-Eun Lim, Hyo-Bang Moon, Kiyoung Lee. Receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment of phthalates based on individual's simultaneous use of multiple cosmetic products. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 127 ():163-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyoung Lim; Ji Young Park; Jae-Eun Lim; Hyo-Bang Moon; Kiyoung Lee. 2019. "Receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment of phthalates based on individual's simultaneous use of multiple cosmetic products." Food and Chemical Toxicology 127, no. : 163-172.
Coal combustion in ger areas is the main source of ambient air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). This study determined the characteristics of indoor PM2.5 concentrations in gers using coal stoves during winter. The study population consisted of 60 gers in the Chingeltei district of Ulaanbaatar. The indoor particle number concentration (PNC) in each ger was measured using a Dylos DC1700 particle counter for 24 h in January and February 2016. The PNC by Dylos was converted into the mass concentration using a calibration equation developed using a collocated real-time light scattering monitor adjusted by gravimetric measurement. The average 24 h PM2.5 concentration was 203.9 ± 195.1 μg/m3 in gers with traditional stoves (n = 29) and 257.5 ± 204.4 μg/m3 in those with improved stoves (n = 31). In the daily profile, concentrations were lower at night, increased in the early morning, and peaked up to noon. The temperature in gers was slightly higher than that recommended in winter. Many development-assistance programs have supported the installation of improved energy-efficient stoves. Better control measures are needed to improve the indoor air quality of gers.
Miyoung Lim; Sainnyambuu Myagmarchuluun; Hyunkyung Ban; Yunhyung Hwang; Chimedsuren Ochir; Delgerzul Lodoisamba; Kiyoung Lee. Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2524 .
AMA StyleMiyoung Lim, Sainnyambuu Myagmarchuluun, Hyunkyung Ban, Yunhyung Hwang, Chimedsuren Ochir, Delgerzul Lodoisamba, Kiyoung Lee. Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (11):2524.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyoung Lim; Sainnyambuu Myagmarchuluun; Hyunkyung Ban; Yunhyung Hwang; Chimedsuren Ochir; Delgerzul Lodoisamba; Kiyoung Lee. 2018. "Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2524.
Usage of Affecting factors of Oral Care Products in Infants Dental care by age;dental care for children;oral hygiene; Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the use of oral hygiene products in infants. Methods: From October 2015 to December 2015, astructured questionnaire survey was conducted for infants and parents about the infants' oral hygiene product use from 0 to 4 years of age in Seoul and other metropolitan areas. Results: The use of oral tissues for infants and children was more frequent in infants, with less than four uses of oral tissues per 10 infants. The overall amount of toothpaste usage among infants was lower than those of infants whose parents are high school or college graduates. The number of oral tissues used per infant per week was less among infants who sucked less than 4 times per 10 infants. The frequency of use of infant mouthwash per week in every 10 infants was less than those who swallow mouthwash less than once. The number of mouth rinses after the use of oral tissues for infants was high in boys, and the number of infants who sucked oral tissues was less than 4 times when used 10 times. The number of mouth rinses after the use of toothpaste was less for infants with college-graduate parents. The factors affecting the number of mouth rinsings after using oral tissues for infants were gender and sucking frequency. Conclusions: In this study, the oral hygiene products for infants were found to differ and affect the usage, the frequency of use, and the number of mouth rinses according to the general characteristics of infants' and parents and the use of oral hygiene products.
Minji Choi; Ji-Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Da-Young Jung; Hyeon-Su Ryu; Sun-Sin Kim; Na-Rae Oh; Wonho Yang. Usage of Affecting factors of Oral Care Products in Infants. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 2017, 43, 401 -411.
AMA StyleMinji Choi, Ji-Young Park, Miyoung Lim, Da-Young Jung, Hyeon-Su Ryu, Sun-Sin Kim, Na-Rae Oh, Wonho Yang. Usage of Affecting factors of Oral Care Products in Infants. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences. 2017; 43 (5):401-411.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinji Choi; Ji-Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Da-Young Jung; Hyeon-Su Ryu; Sun-Sin Kim; Na-Rae Oh; Wonho Yang. 2017. "Usage of Affecting factors of Oral Care Products in Infants." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 43, no. 5: 401-411.
Hyunkyung Ban; Yunhyung Hwang; Miyoung Lim; Chimedsuren Ochir; Kiyoung Lee. Daytime profile of residential PM2.5 concentrations in a ger, a traditional residence in Mongolia. The Korean Journal of Public Health 2017, 54, 23 -30.
AMA StyleHyunkyung Ban, Yunhyung Hwang, Miyoung Lim, Chimedsuren Ochir, Kiyoung Lee. Daytime profile of residential PM2.5 concentrations in a ger, a traditional residence in Mongolia. The Korean Journal of Public Health. 2017; 54 (1):23-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyunkyung Ban; Yunhyung Hwang; Miyoung Lim; Chimedsuren Ochir; Kiyoung Lee. 2017. "Daytime profile of residential PM2.5 concentrations in a ger, a traditional residence in Mongolia." The Korean Journal of Public Health 54, no. 1: 23-30.
Min-Ji Choi; Ji-Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Jianfei Shuai; Jung Heo; Da-Young Jung; Hyeon-Su Ryu; Na-Rae Oh; Sun-Shin Kim; Won-Ho Yang. Factors affecting usage of toothpaste in infants and preschoolers. Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene 2017, 17, 49 -62.
AMA StyleMin-Ji Choi, Ji-Young Park, Miyoung Lim, Jianfei Shuai, Jung Heo, Da-Young Jung, Hyeon-Su Ryu, Na-Rae Oh, Sun-Shin Kim, Won-Ho Yang. Factors affecting usage of toothpaste in infants and preschoolers. Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene. 2017; 17 (1):49-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Ji Choi; Ji-Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Jianfei Shuai; Jung Heo; Da-Young Jung; Hyeon-Su Ryu; Na-Rae Oh; Sun-Shin Kim; Won-Ho Yang. 2017. "Factors affecting usage of toothpaste in infants and preschoolers." Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene 17, no. 1: 49-62.
Accurately measuring the usage patterns of consumer products (CPs) is important to conduct realistic exposure assessments. We determined the exposure factors for 18 consumer products: household bleach, mold stain remover, all-purpose cleaner, washing machine cleaner, air conditioner cleaner, glass cleaner, drain cleaner, adhesive remover, liquid snow chain, tire shine spray, wheel cleaner, rain repellent, car wax spray, leather polish, furniture polish, anti-fog product, fabric waterproofing spray, and rust inhibitor. Field survey staff visited homes and collected product use information via face-to-face interviews. In total, 10,000 participants (5010 men and 4990 women) aged 15 years and older completed the questionnaire. Household bleach had the highest use rate of 47.4% and use rates for the other products ranged from 0.8 to 21.7%. The use rates of many CPs differed by age group and gender. Many household cleaning products were used regularly, but some products, such as air conditioner cleaner and liquid snow chain, were used in specific seasons or for specific purposes; therefore, they were used less frequently compared to cleaning products. These exposure factor data will be useful as input data for exposure and risk assessments and setting safety guidelines.
Ji Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Wonho Yang; Kiyoung Lee. Exposure factors for cleaning, automotive care, and surface protection products for exposure assessments. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2016, 99, 128 -134.
AMA StyleJi Young Park, Miyoung Lim, Wonho Yang, Kiyoung Lee. Exposure factors for cleaning, automotive care, and surface protection products for exposure assessments. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2016; 99 ():128-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young Park; Miyoung Lim; Wonho Yang; Kiyoung Lee. 2016. "Exposure factors for cleaning, automotive care, and surface protection products for exposure assessments." Food and Chemical Toxicology 99, no. : 128-134.
Due to high usage of tetracycline antibiotics, concerns have been raised about their environmental fate. In this study, potential changes in the pseudo-first-order hydrolysis rate constants for three tetracyclines, tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), were evaluated by measuring the rate constants in batch and column leaching experiments. The first-order hydrolysis rate constants were measured at pH 5, 7, and 9 using batch tests. The values were highest at pH 7 for all three tetracyclines (0.0030 ± 0.0004, 0.0042 ± 0.0001, and 0.0323 ± 0.0003 h−1 for TC, OTC, and CTC, respectively), indicating relatively short environmental half-lives of tetracyclines. Interestingly, it was found that the rates of degradation of the parent tetracyclines were much faster when silica sand was present in a batch solution or when the solution was passed through a silica column. For example, the ratios of the first-order degradation rate constants obtained in the column experiments to those in batch experiments were 13.2, 2.1, and 2.0 for TC, OTC, and CTC at a volumetric flow rate of 0.08 mL h−1, with an observed tendency for this ratio to increase with an increased flow rate. This indicates that the silica surface may serve as a catalyst for hydrolysis and that the actual environmental half-lives of tetracycline antibiotics could be shorter than those estimated from laboratory hydrolysis rate constants using the standard batch protocol. Furthermore, the toxicity of the column effluent containing hydrolysis metabolites was assessed using bioluminescence inhibition in Vibrio fischeri. It was estimated that the toxicity of the metabolites of CTC was lower than that of their parent compound, whereas the toxicity of metabolites of TC and OTC was as high as or higher than that of their parent compounds.
Hyun-Joong Kang; Miyoung Lim; Jung-Hwan Kwon. Effects of adsorption onto silica sand particles on the hydrolysis of tetracycline antibiotics. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2012, 14, 1853 -1859.
AMA StyleHyun-Joong Kang, Miyoung Lim, Jung-Hwan Kwon. Effects of adsorption onto silica sand particles on the hydrolysis of tetracycline antibiotics. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2012; 14 (7):1853-1859.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun-Joong Kang; Miyoung Lim; Jung-Hwan Kwon. 2012. "Effects of adsorption onto silica sand particles on the hydrolysis of tetracycline antibiotics." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 14, no. 7: 1853-1859.