This descriptive study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17 from 2016–2017 according to the Cook’s criteria modified for age on the basis of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and to evaluate the associations between the factors of interest (especially vitamin A, vitamin D and hyperuricemia) of MetS and its components, using data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Children and Lactating Mothers from 2016–2017. A total of 54,269 school-aged children and adolescents were ultimately included in this study. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations of the subjects and their relevant information were also collected. A multivariate logistic regression analysis model was applied to analyze the relationships between relevant factors associated with MetS and its components. In the present study, the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents was 5.98%. Among the five components of MetS, elevated blood pressure (BP) and abdominal obesity were the most prevalent (39.52% and 17.30%), and 58.36% of the subjects had at least one of these components. In the multivariate logistic regression, an overweight condition, obesity and hyperuricemia were positively correlated with the incidence of MetS and all five components. There was also a positive association observed between vitamin A and the risk of MetS and some components of MetS (abdominal obesity and high triglycerides (TG)) and vitamin A was negatively associated with the risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Subjects with vitamin D inadequacy had a higher risk of MetS (OR = 1.364, 95%CI: 1.240–1.500) and four of its components, excepting elevated FBG (fast blood glucose). Vitamin D deficiency was positively associated with MetS (OR = 1.646, 95%CI: 1.468–1.845) and all five of its components. Well-designed, large-scale prospective studies are also needed in the future.

Background: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010–2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. Results: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%; 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%; 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%; 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%; 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%; 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%; p < 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all p < 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, −0.8%; 95% CI −1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. Conclusions: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens.

This study analyzed the status of dietary energy and nutrients intakes among the oldest-old in China. Data was obtained from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015 (CACDNS 2015). We enrolled 1929 Chinese elderly people aged 80 and above who participated in both 3-day 24-h dietary recalls and household condiments weighing. The dietary intakes were calculated based on Chinese Food Composition Tables and assessed using Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were all below the EAR or AI, except for fat, vitamin E, niacin, iron and sodium. As a result, daily dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were inadequate in the oldest-old in China, especially vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, folate and calcium, with the prevalence of deficiency more than 90%. Furthermore, the prevalence of inadequacy of vitamin C, zinc, selenium and magnesium was also high with the proportion below the EAR more than 60%. Approximately 30% of the subjects with dietary vitamin E intake did not reach AI, and more than 90% of subjects have reached AI in the intake of sodium, while more than 90% did not reach AI in potassium. The mean intakes of niacin and iron have reached EAR, but around 15% were still faced with the risk of deficiency. In addition, although the dietary energy intake was below EER, the energy contribution from fat in total population and all subgroups (region, age, gender, education level, material status, household income level groups) all exceeded the recommended proportion of 30% from the DRIs and close to or over 35%, is a significant concern. For the majority of nutrients, higher daily dietary intakes and lower prevalence of deficiencies were found in the oldest-old living in urban areas, aged 80–84 years, with high school and above education level, living with spouse and from high household income family. These findings indicates that the dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were inadequate, while the energy contribution from fat and dietary sodium intake were too high among the oldest-old in China. Most oldest-old were at high risk of nutritional deficiency, particularly for those who living in rural areas, with lower education level and from low household income.

Obesity is a major public health issue in children and adolescents. Our study aimed to examine the impacts of birth weight on overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Using data from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017, we included 10,041 participants aged 7–17 years. According to birth weight, participants were categorized into six groups, and the birth weight category of 3000 to 3499 g was chosen as the reference group, containing the largest number of children. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of birth weight with the risk of being obese at 7 to 17 years of age in multivariable-adjusted models. A restricted cubic spline was utilized to show the odds ratios (ORs) of obesity at different birth weight levels. The adjusted ORs for overweight were 0.98 (95%CI 0.63, 1.53), 1.02 (95%CI 0.84, 1.25), 1.34 (95%CI 1.16, 1.55), 1.72 (95%CI 1.35, 2.18), and 1.17 (95%CI 0.71, 1.96) in several birth weight groups, compared with group C (3000–3499 g). The adjusted ORs for obesity were 0.82 (95%CI 0.48, 1.40), 0.77 (95%CI 0.60, 0.98), 1.33 (95%CI 1.13, 1.57), 1.97 (95%CI 1.53, 2.53), and 2.01 (95%CI 1.27, 3.19). Furthermore, children in the post-pubertal stage had a slightly higher risk of overweight and obesity than those in the pre-pubertal and pubertal stage. Moreover, these associations were stronger among boys. The lower part of normal birth weight range is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. However, higher levels of birth weight increase risk.

This study was designed to explore the associations between nutrient patterns (NPs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its five components among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17. The required data of participants were collected from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017. Ultimately, 13,071 participants were included. Nutrient patterns were obtained by means of factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between nutrient patterns with MetS and its components. After adjusting covariates, the results of logistic regression models revealed that high-carbohydrate patterns were associated with the presence of abdominal obesity. The high-animal protein pattern was negatively associated with high triglyceride (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The high-sodium-and-fat pattern had a negative relationship with elevated blood pressure (BP) and was positively associated with low HDL-C. The high-Vitamin D-and-Vitamin B₁₂ pattern had protective effects on MetS, high TG, and low HDL-C. Further large-scale longitudinal investigations are necessary in the future.

This study aims to determine the associations of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17 in 2016–2017. Using the data from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017, the sociodemographic information, diet, anthropometric measurements and clinical examinations of subjects were obtained, and a total of 13,071 school-aged children and adolescents were included in this study. The Cook criteria were used to define MetS and its components. Dietary intake was derived from 24-h dietary records for three consecutive days, combined with the weighing method. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. The associations of dietary patterns with MetS and its components were examined by logistic regression analysis. Consequently, five distinct dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis, and the relationships between dietary patterns with MetS and its components were observed. After adjusting for covariates, the animal product and vegetable patterns may have a positive association with MetS; the condiment pattern was positively associated with low HDL-C; the fruit and junk food patterns had positive relationships with MetS, abdominal obesity and high TG; the cereals and tubers pattern was positively associated with MetS, abdominal obesity, high TG and low HDL-C; the beans pattern was positively associated with high TG.