Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the mainstay to treat patients who need augmentation of ventilation for acute and chronic forms of respiratory failure. The last several decades have witnessed an extension of the indications for NIV to a variety of acute and chronic lung diseases. Evolving advancements in technology and personalised approaches to patient care make it feasible to prioritise patient-centred care models that deliver home-based management using telemonitoring and telemedicine systems support. These trends may improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of life for patients who suffer from chronic diseases that precipitate respiratory failure.

Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a catastrophic complication of one of the most common and devastating autoimmune diseases. Once diagnosed, it becomes the leading cause of mortality among this patient population. Screening modalities and risk assessments have been designed and validated by various organizations and societies in order to identify patients early in their disease course and promptly refer them to expert centers for a hemodynamic assessment and formal diagnosis. Moreover, several large multicenter clinical trials have now included patients with SSc-PAH to assess their response to therapy. Despite an improved understanding of the condition and significant advances in supportive and targeted therapy, outcomes have remained far from optimal. Therefore, rigorous phenotyping and search for novel therapies are desperately needed for this devastating condition.

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end stage kidney disease, but acute rejection remains a limiting factor in optimizing allograft and patient survival. Needle biopsy is the current standard of care for this diagnosis. The potential for complications with repeat biopsies limits the ability to obtain temporal immune surveillance of the allograft. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been shown to be strong predictors of inflammation and of worse prognosis in a variety of conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a single center retrospective case control study which included all patients who underwent a "for -cause biopsy" of a transplanted kidney. NLR and PLR were calculated 1 month prior, at the time, and 6 months and 1 year after the biopsy. RESULTS A total of 159 biopsies were reviewed; 127 (79.9%) of these satisfied all inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 63.0% of the sample cohort (n=80) demonstrated acute cellular rejection (ACR). Patients without evidence of ACR had an average NLR of 26.8, which was approximately 7-fold greater than those patients with findings of ACR (P<0.01). A similar trend was found for PLR, where patients without ACR had a 5.5-fold greater PLR compared to those with rejection (P<0.01). The ROC showed AUC of 0.715 and 0.716 respectively. The NLR cutoff of 9.5 had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 80% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 77.8%; the PLR cutoff of 380 had a PPV of 75% and a NPV of 100%. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that NLR and PLR are easily obtainable and reproducible predictors of ACR in the kidney allograft. Serial monitoring of these ratios will help identify subclinical inflammation before evidence of allograft dysfunction.

Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem vascular disorder of pregnancy that remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia remains an underrecognized risk factor for future cardiovascular and kidney disease in women and represents the confluence of preexisting vascular risk factors with superimposed endothelial injury from placental mediated anti-angiogenic factors. Summary: This review highlights the close relationship between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular and kidney disease. It describes the pathophysiology and current understanding of biomarkers that form the molecular signature for long-term endothelial dysfunction in preeclamptic women. Finally, it describes strategies for early identification and management of women with preeclampsia with elevated risk for cardiovascular and kidney disease. Key Messages: Future rigorous studies on cardiovascular risk modification in this phenotype of disease are essential to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and kidney disease, in women with preeclampsia.