This paper presents an experimental comparison of two types of Li-ion battery stacks for low-voltage energy storage in small urban Electric or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/HEVs). These systems are a combination of lithium battery cells, a battery management system (BMS), and a central control circuit—a lithium energy storage and management system (LESMS). Li-Ion cells are assembled with two different active cathode materials, nickel–cobalt–aluminum (NCA) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP), both with an integrated decentralized BMS. Based on experiments conducted on the two assembled LESMSs, this paper suggests that although LFP batteries have inferior characteristics in terms of energy and power density, they have great capacity for improvement.

Smart integration of the upcoming proliferation of electric forms of transport in our energy system is the key in order to make it more robust and ready for a greener future. As such, technologies as Vehicle to Home are key in order to optimize the house consumption on an individual level. This paper develops the key blocks of a modified Vehicle to Home system, where in addition to the EV, a stationary battery pack is added. The paper presents models for household consumption, bidirectional AC/DC converter, its control system, dc/dc controllers, and their controllers. The goal is to design a system capable of consuming a desired power over time from the AC grid. Any energy difference is used to charge or discharge the available energy sources. As such, optimal control strategies are developed for the control of both the charging/discharging process. The presented optimized models allow for system level simulation for several weeks on a typical computer. Using this model some allows bot sizing the dc energy storage needed, along with comparison of different control algorithms for the power converters.

This study investigates the performance of a commercial PEM (proton exchange membrane) electrolysis cell, with a working area of 16 cm2 and catalyst loading of 2 mg /cm-2 of IrRuOx on the anode, and 0.5 mg /cm-2 of 60% PtC and 0.25 mg /cm-2 of PtB on the cathode side, under constant and dynamic conditions to identify optimal operating modes for practical use. For this purpose, a custom programmable proportional-integrated (PI) direct current (DC) regulator and a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) frequency generator were developed to provide stationary and dynamic modes, functioning as a single system with integrated data logging for cell voltage, temperature, and pressure sensors via a C# program. Experiments confirmed that square wave pulse loading at 1 Hz with 50% duty cycle provides increased efficiency by reducing the cell voltage compared to a continuous DC operation.