Population growth has significantly increased energy and resource demands, driving research toward cost-effective technologies that repurpose waste into alternative energy forms such as biohydrogen. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion, addressing gaps in previous studies focusing on a single sustainable development goal or limited environmental benefits. The methodology used the Scopus database with specific keywords, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol to screen relevant articles, and bibliometric analysis to delineate research directions from 2002 to 2024. Findings indicate that research on biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion has grown exponentially over the past two decades, with increasing emphasis on advanced techniques, innovative reactor configurations, and diverse microbial consortia. Emerging trends, including the integration of artificial intelligence for process optimization and comprehensive life cycle assessments, suggest promising avenues for large-scale implementation. Anaerobic digestion-based biohydrogen production supports several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including the ones related to clean energy (SDG7), SDG 13 (climate action), and SDG 12 (waste management), among others. Recent advancements are synthesized to provide a clear roadmap for future research toward sustainable energy solutions.

Precipitation variation profoundly affects agricultural development and increases the diffuse pollution risk, which may weaken the positive effects of pesticide reduction policy. This study aimed to analyze the response of pesticide discharge loads in the large vulnerable watershed to pesticide application intensity and precipitation variance before and after implementing the pesticide reduction policy. We integrated empirical models, field observation and statistics to explore the sensitive factors of the typical pesticide atrazine before and after the pesticide reduction policy in the Yellow River Watershed. The results showed that the implementation of pesticide reduction policy effectively decreased the annual discharge load of atrazine within the watershed. In addition, the most sensitive factor of atrazine discharge loads shifted from precipitation to the atrazine application intensity after implementing the pesticide reduction policy. However, the discharge loads of atrazine significantly increased in an unusual high precipitation year in the context of increasing precipitation variability.

Extreme hot temperature is dangerous to the bioeconomy, and would worsen with time. Ambient heatwaves accompanied by unusual droughts are major threats to poverty eradication in Tanzania. Due to sparsity of observation data and proper heatwave detection metrics, there has been a paucity of knowledge about heatwave events in Tanzania. In this study, the Heatwave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) was adopted to quantitatively analyze heatwave characteristics throughout Tanzania at mid-21st century (2041–2070) and end of 21st century (2071–2100), relative to the reference period (1983–2012) using the CHIRTS-daily quasi-global high-resolution temperature dataset and climate simulations from a multi-modal ensemble of median scenarios (RCP4.5, from CORDEX-Africa). The results showed that moderate to super-extreme heatwaves occurred in Tanzania between 1983 and 2012, particularly in 1999, when ultra-extreme heatwaves (HWMId > 32) occurred in the Lake Victoria basin. It is projected that by mid-21st century, the upper category of HWMId would be hotter and longer, and would occur routinely in Tanzania. The spatial extent of all of the HWMId categories is projected to range from 34% to 73% by the end of the 21st century with a duration of 8 to 35 days, compared to 1 to 5 days during the reference period. These findings will contribute to increasing public awareness of the need for adaptation.