Background: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious disease induced by the Capripoxvirus, causing epidemics in Turkey and several countries worldwide and inducing significant economic losses. Although this disease occurs in Turkish cattle every year, it is a notifiable disease. In this study, LSD in Turkey was modelled using the Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Recovered (SEIR) epidemiological model, and production losses were estimated with predictions of the course of the disease. The animal population was categorized into four groups: Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Recovered, and model parameters were obtained. The SEIR model was formulated with an outbreak calculator simulator applied for demonstration purposes. Results: Production losses caused by the LSD epidemic and the SEIR model’s predictions on the disease’s course were evaluated. Although 1282 cases were identified in Turkey during the study period, the prevalence of LSD was calculated as 4.51%, and the mortality rate was 1.09%. The relationship between the disease duration and incubation period was emphasized in the simulated SEIR model to understand the dynamics of LSD. Early detection of the disease during the incubation period significantly affected the peak time of the disease. According to the model, if the disease was detected during the incubation period, the sick animal's time could transmit the disease (Tinf) was calculated as 2.66 days. Production loss from LSD infection was estimated at US $ 886.34 for dairy cattle and the US $ 1,066.61 for beef cattle per animal. Conclusion: Detection of LSD infection during the incubation period changes the course of the disease and may reduce the resulting economic loss.

This study aimed to determine common pregnancy rates and effect sizes with meta‐analysis of studies investigating the effect of different synchronization protocols applied to sheep during breeding and non‐breeding seasons on pregnancy rates. Common pregnancy rates were estimated by coalescing pregnancy rates of studies performed independently, and heterogeneity between the studies was investigated. The meta‐analysis included 24 studies that determined pregnancy rates in 78 different groups consisting of 1934 sheep with five different synchronization protocols in Turkey between 2001 and 2020. Among the different synchronization methods, the P4+PMSG group (90.37%) during the breeding season and P4+PGF2α (69.77%) and P4 (68.75%) groups during the non‐breeding season showed the highest pregnancy rate. Also, the effect size of P4+PMSG application during the breeding season was calculated as 0.934 (95% confidence interval: 0.901–0.967), and the effect size of P4+PGF2α application during the non‐breeding season was calculated as 0.709 (95% confidence interval: 0.406–1.013). To conclude, the combination of P4+PMSG during the breeding season and progestogen and other hormone applications during the non‐breeding season are the most effective methods for estrus synchronization and for achieving the desired pregnancy rates.

The products obtained as a result of animal production has an essential place within the food products from the point of the consumers. Increasing populatıon and rising socio-economical welfare level in Turkey gradually increase demand for such products. Although all red meat in Turkey is met from cattle and small cattle, %88 of the existing demand is met from beef meat. Not being able to meet the demand to beef meat by production and the increases occurred at the prices has caused to point the red meat as one of the main actors in the public opinion. An effort is made to eliminate through import the insufficiency in supply of beef meat since 2010. Purpose of this study is to examine the reflections of the state interventions, policies and support applications on the red meat market to the sector and stockbreeders chronologically in the light of the debates in the public opinion. Although a total of 3.823.961 stockbreeding and butchery beef and 292.448 tons carcass and cut meat are imported to Turkey in the examined period, stability could not be provided in the market prices and the import-dependent applications has caused the stockbreeders to decrease their capacity or shut down. As a result, it is tried to provide a short term solution with red meat import decisions in red meat, but price stability cannot be provided.

The aim of this study was to determine the economic analysis of beekeeping enterprises in Aegean Region ofTurkey. The material of the current study was collected through face to face interviews from the total of 73 small, medium and large-scale enterprises determined by simple random sampling in Aegean region of Turkey (Aydın, Denizli, Mugla provinces). A backwardregression model was developed to assess the input and output relationships in the enterprises. According to the results, the factors thataffect the total profit, namely, marketing costs, sale price, unit cost, equipment and other expenses were found to be statisticallysignificant (p<0.05). In the study, the lowest cost of producing honey was found to be in large-scale enterprises (1.82 US$/kg) and inthe province of Aydın (1.64 US$/kg), whereas the highest cost of producing honey was found to be in small-scale enterprises (3.14US$/kg) and in the province of Denizli (3.79 US$/kg). Net profit was calculated to be 41.16 US$/hive in small-scale, 28.75 US$/hivein medium-scale and 35.45 US$/hive in large-scale enterprises. In conclusion, considering that the major problem of beekeepingenterprises in Aegean Region is the marketing (64.3%) and the, study also suggested that some measures and supports actions shouldbe put into practice including augmentation of the sale opportunities of the honey produced and the activation of structures ofcooperatives so that the profitability of enterprises may be increased, and beekeeping activity may be carried out in a sustainablemanner.

The objective of this study is to model the per capita consumption of red meat in Turkey employing various time series methods, evaluate the forecasting capability of the developed models, and address the variables that may affect the per capital consumption of red meat using the cointegration method on a term basis (short/long). The material of the study consists of the per capita consumption of red meat, total annual population, feed prices, gross domestic product and share of agriculture in gross domestic product in Turkey between 1993 and 2017. ARIMA (0,1,0) and Brown's exponential smoothing method were employed to model the time series data for per capita consumption of red meat, and Johansen method was used to address the cointegration relationship between per capita consumption of red meat and the other variables. The results of the modelling work suggest that per capita consumption of red meat has an increasing trend. Additionally, a statistically significant short-term relationship was found between per capita consumption of red meat and the other variables. Given the relationship between consumption of red meat and level of economic development, the projections concerning red meat consumption are important from the viewpoint of the policies that will be formulated.