Hypertension is a risk factor for both cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), mainly ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, are associated with increased plasma lipid content due to their role in regulating the activity of lipoprotein lipase, a key enzyme in metabolism of the lipoprotein in circulation. Dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for hypertension development; however, the roles of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 in subjects with hypertension have not yet been established. This study compared the plasma and adipose tissue levels of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 in age- and body mass index-matched subjects with and without hypertension. A total of 119 subjects, including 69 hypertensive and 50 non-hypertensive subjects, were enrolled. ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 plasma levels were measured by ELISA, whereas their levels in adipose tissue were assessed via real-time PCR. We found that ANGPTL4 (202.49 ± 17.44 ng/mL vs. 160.64 ± 10.36 ng/mL, p = 0.04) and ANGPTL8 levels (2310.96 ± 194.88 pg/mL vs. 1583.35 ± 138.27 pg/mL, p = 0.001) were higher in hypertensive subjects than non-hypertensive subjects. However, ANGPTL3 levels were not significantly different between the two populations. Similarly, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 levels were also elevated in subjects with T2D and hypertension than in those with T2D but not hypertension. Additionally, people with highest tertiles of ANGPTL8 had higher odds of having hypertension (odd ratio [OR] = 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = (1.5-9.8), p-Value = 0.005. Similar to its plasma levels, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 were higher in adipose tissue. In conclusion, our data illustrate that ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 levels in both plasma and adipose tissues are increased in subjects with hypertension. The elevated levels of ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 in hypertensive subjects highlight their potential involvement, their potential role as biomarkers for hypertension and their therapeutic value in hypertension given their roles in regulating lipid metabolism.

Background: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) can occur in patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the Gulf Registry of acute coronary events (Gulf RACE), we identified the clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of these patients. Methods: Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for 461 ACS patients with prior CABG are compared to 7715 ACS patients without prior CABG enrolled from 64 hospitals in 6 Gulf countries over a 6-month period. Results: The overall incidence of ACS with prior CABG was 5.6% out of 8176 patients. The ACS with prior CABG were older (63 vs 55 years, P <0.0001), had more history of diabetes (62.3 vs 37.6%, P <0.0001), dyslipidemia (70.3 vs 29.5%, P <0.0001), and hypertension (75.7 vs 47.8%, P <0.0001) compared with the non-CABG group. They presented more frequently with dyspnea (14.8 vs 9.5%, P <0.0005), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (41.4 vs 31.6%, P <0.0001) and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction (49.4 vs 29.8%, P <0.0001) than ACS without prior CABG. They had a complicated in-hospital course with more recurrent ischemia (13.9 vs 9.3%, P =0.0011), heart failure (24.1 vs 15.7%), and stroke (2.2 vs 0.6%) compared with those without CABG. The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.6% in the CABG group compared with 3.5% in the ACS without prior CABG group. After adjusting for confounders, prior CABG was independently associated with recurrent ischemia and shock, more in patients presenting with ST elevation than non-ST elevation ACS. Conclusions: Patients with ACS and prior CABG are a high-risk group with poor outcomes irrespective of their older age and comorbidities. They should be identified and treated differently to improve their outcomes.

We describe the baseline characteristics, management, and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients of age ≤40 in the Gulf region of the Middle East. We studied 8176 hospitalized patients (≤40 years) with ACS. Ten percent (805) of the recruited patients were ≤40 years. The mean age was 37 years and 89% were males. The prevalence of smoking and diabetes in the young patients was high (58% and 21%, respectively). The most common ACS was ST elevation myocardial infarction. Younger patients were more aggressively treated with more frequent use of glycoprotein inhibitors, thrombolytics, and primary percutaneous coronary intervention. They had less in-hospital heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, shock, stroke, and low rate of in-hospital mortality (1%). Measures to combat the rising prevalence of diabetes and smoking are needed.

ANGPTL3 is an important regulator of lipid metabolism. Its inhibition in people with hypercholesteremia reduces plasma lipid levels dramatically. Genome-wide association studies have associated ANGPTL3 variants with lipid traits. Irisin, an exercise-modulated protein, has been associated with lipid metabolism. Intracellular accumulation of lipids impairs insulin action and contributes to metabolic disorders. In this study, we evaluate the impact of ANGPTL3 variants on levels of irisin and markers associated with lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. ANGPTL3 rs1748197 and rs12130333 variants were genotyped in a cohort of 278 Arab individuals from Kuwait. Levels of irisin and other metabolic markers were measured by ELISA. Significance of association signals was assessed using Bonferroni-corrected p-values and empirical p-values. The study variants were significantly associated with low levels of c-peptide and irisin. Levels of c-peptide and irisin were mediated by interaction between carrier genotypes (GA + AA) at rs1748197 and measures of IL13 and TG, respectively. While levels of c-peptide and IL13 were directly correlated in individuals with the reference genotype, they were inversely correlated in individuals with the carrier genotype. Irisin correlated positively with TG and was strong in individuals with carrier genotypes. These observations illustrate ANGPTL3 as a potential link connecting lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and cardioprotection.

Detecting dilated coronary sinus when assessing patients in an acute emergency with point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is important for differential diagnosis, including the detection of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) and right ventricular dysfunction. Cardiac POCUS with agitated saline injections through the left and right antecubital veins is a simple bedside test to make the diagnosis. We present a 42-year-old woman with first-time rapid atrial flutter in whom POCUS confirmed the presence of dilated coronary sinus and PLSVC.

ANGPTL3 is an important regulator of lipid metabolism. Its inhibition in people with hypercholesteremia reduces plasma lipid levels dramatically. Genome-wide association studies have associated ANGPTL3 variants with lipid traits. Irisin, an exercise modulated protein, has been associated with lipid metabolism. Intracellular accumulation of lipids impairs insulin action and contributes to metabolic disorders. In this study, we evaluate the impact of ANGPTL3 variants on levels of irisin and markers associated with lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. ANGPTL3 rs1748197 and rs12130333 variants were genotyped in a cohort of 278 Arab individuals from Kuwait. Levels of irisin and other metabolic markers were measured by ELISA. Significance of association signals was assessed using Bonferroni-corrected P-values and empirical P-values. The study variants were significantly associated with low levels of c-peptide and irisin. Levels of c-peptide and irisin were mediated by interaction between carrier genotypes (GA+AA) at rs1748197 and measures of IL13 and TG, respectively. While levels of c-peptide and IL13 were directly correlated in individuals with reference genotype, they were inversely correlated in individuals with carrier genotype. Irisin correlated positively with TG which is strong in individuals with carrier genotypes. These observations illustrate ANGPTL3 as a potential link connecting lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and cardioprotection.