This study is designed to test an empirical investigation of the environmental turbulence and fear in predicting entrepreneurial improvisation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. This research aims to analyze whether the emotional response of fear drives the decision-makers of SMEs towards the use of improvisation strategy in a turbulent environment in an uncertain business world or not. The target population for this study includes owners, managers, and directors of SMEs listed in the Chambers of Commerce of capital cities of Pakistan. Data were collected through a quantitative survey from 433 respondents by using the cluster sampling technique. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses of the study and conduct path analysis. The findings of this study reveal that environmental turbulence leads the decision-makers towards the use of improvisation strategy by managing their emotions of fear rather than sticking to the plans in SMEs in Pakistan. Moreover, the emotional response of fear in entrepreneurs mediates the relationship between environmental turbulence and entrepreneurial improvisation in SMEs in Pakistan. This study contributes to the field of SMEs by suggesting that entrepreneurs can compete in the frequently changing business world through improvisation. This study helps the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) to understand the importance of entrepreneurial improvisation during uncertainties in the complex business environment, which leads the organization towards innovation.

Purpose of the study: Unethical behavior has been a source of incremental cost in corporations worldwide, and its consequences are detrimental to organizational health. In today’s turbulent environment, the role of leadership becomes even more vital under uncertainties. This study investigates the impact of ethical climate and behavioral integrity on ethical leadership through political mentoring. Methodology: The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire distributed to the employees of various service sectors of health, education, banks, insurance companies, telecommunication, hotels, and transportation. The overall useable response rate was 85% (450 in total). The data were analyzed through SPSS version 22 and ADANCO version 2.2. Main Findings: The findings of the study are evidence of a strong association among behavioral integrity, ethical climate, political mentoring, and ethical leadership. We also found the mediating role of political mentoring between behavioral integrity and ethical leadership and between ethical climate and leadership. Applications of the study: This study is significant for the managers of the service sector in developing the ethical climate. It gives an insight to the leaders that they should guide their subordinates about the environment appropriately. It means that the leader’s role matters in building the organizational employees’ character and success. Novelty/Originality of the study: In this study, the role of political mentoring in ethical climate has been recognized, which contributes to business ethics. Furthermore, it bridges the literature gap related to the mediating role of political mentoring in an organizational climate.

Purpose of the study: This research is conducted on the digital marketing industry flourished by digitalized corporations, based on their websites and different social media channels. In this study, we tried to determine the behavior of digitalized corporations in the context of price fairness and customer perceived quality. We also examined the trust of the digitalized corporations, satisfaction, and loyalty with the online portals. Methodology: This study uses cross-sectional data of CEOs and other authorities of digitalized corporations. SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 21 are used for data analysis. Data is collected by distributing 400 questionnaires for this quantitative study. The convenience sampling technique is used for data collection. Main Findings: After analyzing the collected data, we found that price fairness is a more favorable factor than customer perceived quality. Trust and customer satisfaction are also important factors to generate loyalty. If online portals make their policies friendly for the digitalized corporations in pricing, they can get many customers on their platform. Hence, they can get a high volume of business opportunities. Novelty/Originality of the study: The previous research regarding social media is generally based on consumers’ behavior in favor of digitalized corporations, while we examined digitalized corporations' behavior regarding digital marketing techniques in the Pakistani context. The relationship between online portals and digitalized corporations was investigated. Applications of the study: This study is significant for the digitalized corporations in observing the fair dealing of online portals in the context of perceived quality and fair pricing. Then digitalized corporations develop trust with these portals and finally become loyal. This study recommends online portals focus on their pricing policies to enhance customer satisfaction.