Purpose: It is evident that organizations are continuously contributing toward environmental dilapidation. This may be reduced by focusing their employees’ involvement in pro-environmental behaviors. Pro-environmental behaviors have ramifications for organizations, employees, leaders and natural environment. Therefore, this study aims at investigating environmental related social responsibility and identification as the predictors of pro-environmental behaviors through the moderating role of empathy in the hospitality sector.Design/methodology/approach: This study collected data from 201 pairs (i.e. supervisors and their subordinates) working in the hospitality sector.Findings: The study found that employees with high empathy exhibit more pro-environmental behavior and organizational identification when perceiving their organization’s involvement in environment-related social responsibilities.Research limitations/implications: The data for this study were collected at one point of time and it has implications for organizations and employees.Originality/value: This study aims to fill the gap of the underlying mechanism that how perceived CSR affect employee pro-environmental behavior.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the determinants of consumer behavior for buying halal endorsed products in an emerging Muslim market, Pakistan. The study is based on the conceptual framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Design/methodology/approach: It was hypothesized that halal endorsement affects consumer behavior and significantly influences the consumers’ purchase intention. In addition to the main dimensions of TPB model, the study incorporates two other variables to articulate the TPB model specifically for the situation under hand. A sample of 497 respondents was chosen using convenience random sampling and categorized on the basis of age group, academic qualification, income, profession, etc. A cross-sectional study was done using self-administered questionnaires to conduct surveys and results were analyzed using techniques such as Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results show that religious commitment, motivation to comply, self-identity and perceived behavioral control have a positive and significant effect on the intention to purchase halal endorsed products. The empirical evidence indicates that the individuals who consider themselves as distinct Muslims, i.e. perceive that they have a well-defined self-identity, a higher level of behavioral control, religious commitment and a strong motivation to comply with the Shariah teachings about halal buying, end up buying halal-endorsed products. Research limitations/implications: This paper has certain limitations such as using the convenience sampling and focusing mostly on young and Muslim buyers. Future studies may overcome such shortcomings by specifically targeting more mature and elderly buyers and buyers with diverse ethnicity and religions who may have greater level of control on making purchase decision regarding religiously endorsed products. Originality/value: This pioneering study was one of its first types being conducted in Pakistan. It highlighted important aspects for marketers about an emerging Muslim market that certain segments of consumers who show a distinct self-identity, have a greater urge to comply with Shariah teachings and maintain a greater control over decision-making end up buying halal goods.

This study is designed to test an empirical investigation of the environmental turbulence and fear in predicting entrepreneurial improvisation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. This research aims to analyze whether the emotional response of fear drives the decision-makers of SMEs towards the use of improvisation strategy in a turbulent environment in an uncertain business world or not. The target population for this study includes owners, managers, and directors of SMEs listed in the Chambers of Commerce of capital cities of Pakistan. Data were collected through a quantitative survey from 433 respondents by using the cluster sampling technique. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses of the study and conduct path analysis. The findings of this study reveal that environmental turbulence leads the decision-makers towards the use of improvisation strategy by managing their emotions of fear rather than sticking to the plans in SMEs in Pakistan. Moreover, the emotional response of fear in entrepreneurs mediates the relationship between environmental turbulence and entrepreneurial improvisation in SMEs in Pakistan. This study contributes to the field of SMEs by suggesting that entrepreneurs can compete in the frequently changing business world through improvisation. This study helps the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) to understand the importance of entrepreneurial improvisation during uncertainties in the complex business environment, which leads the organization towards innovation.

Ownership structure has a substantial impact on corporate decision-making and plays a significant part in the corporate governance framework. Ownership structure can accomplish a significant purpose in aligning interest of managers and owners. The legal protections provided to shareholders in a country have a significant impact on ownership concentration. From 2008 to 2018, data on 225 non-financial companies were obtained from the Pakistan Stock Exchange in order to analyze the effects of ownership concentration on business risk-taking and performance. Results postulated that Single large shareholder negatively affect corporate risk taking in act to preserve their personal benefits and support conservative investment policy. Presence of Multiple large shareholders proved to be a significant cause of internal governance mechanism, such firm’s charades higher risk taking profile because agency conflict between Single large shareholder and other shareholders were unfriendly and multiple large shareholders can enforce value exploiting risky investments by their voting power. Individual ownership (diffused ownership) is significantly negative associated with risk taking and performance measures. Diffuse ownership imparts power to managers because disperse owners cannot directly monitor managers’ practices and monitoring cost is very high. In such case mangers take those decisions which are in their personal favor and therefore favor low risk portfolio. Multiple conflicts between management and diffuse shareholders ultimately results in poor performance of the firm.