Climate change is unequivocal. Farmers are increasingly vulnerable to floods and drought. In this article, the negative impact of climate hazards on rice cultivation in the Tonle Sap and Mekong River influenced by climatic variability between 1994 and 2018 are analyzed. A cohort of 536 households from four Cambodian districts participated in household surveys designed to consider how various vulnerability factors interacted across this time series. It was found that: (i) The major climate hazards affecting rice production between 1994 and 2018 were frequent and extreme flood and drought events caused by rainfall variability; (ii) In 2018, extreme flood and drought occurred in the same rice cultivation cycle. The impact caused by each hazard across each region were similar; (iii) An empirical model was used to demonstrate that drought events tend to limit access to irrigation, impact rice production, and result in an increased prevalence of water-borne diseases. Flood events cause reduced rice production, damage to housing, and impede children from accessing education. The impact of drought events on rice production was found to be more severe than flood events; however, each climatic hazard caused physical, economic, social, and environmental vulnerabilities. It is recommended that sufficient human and financial resources are distributed to local authorities to implement adaptation measures that prepare rice farmers for flood and drought events and promote equitable access to water resources.

A rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak has recently shifted teaching and learning at higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide from the traditional classroom to the online process. During the educational disruption, online teaching and learning have become an alternative to pursue education. This paper aims to analyze the antecedents and consequences of students’ study commitment at Cambodia’s HEIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused upon: adaptation of online teaching and learning, consequences and antecedents of students’ study commitment to online learning, and factors influencing students’ willingness to participate in online learning during the post–COVID-19 pandemic. The research was primarily based on an online survey among 1002 undergraduate students at Cambodia’s largest and oldest University for quantitative data. The SPSS 25 and AMOS 23 were adopted to proceed with the data analysis, especially in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). We found that: (1) two stages of online teaching and learning processes were adopted at the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP): individually-managed and institutionally-managed processes; (2) the students’ study commitment played an active role in improving their learning satisfaction. Meanwhile, academic support is one of the most outstanding factors influencing students’ online learning; and (3) in the post–COVID pandemic, 81.4% of undergraduate students did not propose to continue online learning. The survey confirms that online learning significantly reduced their academic performance, and 62.3% claimed online teaching negatively affected their studies. A prediction reveals that gender, the effect of online learning, permanent address, and home WIFI connection influence the students’ willingness to take online education in the post–COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this research have advanced knowledge of students’ study commitment and provided scientific evidence for practitioners, planners, policymakers, and researchers to promote online teaching and learning at Cambodia’s HEIs during the post–COVID-19 pandemic.

This article investigates the working and living conditions of Cambodian temporary labour migrant workers in Malaysia. Specifically, the types of employment accessed, the vulnerabilities experienced because of these conditions and the institutional support available to these workers are studied in detail. A mixed method study conducted in Malaysia and Cambodia found that relevant legal mechanisms are not well enforced and the rights of Cambodian temporary migrant workers in Malaysia are not well-protected. Expensive working permits, abuse by employers and irresponsible recruitment agencies contribute significantly to the social vulnerability experienced. Current support mechanisms have not helped to establish appropriate working and living conditions and this has led to an increase in the exploitation, trafficking and human rights abuses experienced by workers. In Malaysia, Cambodian labour is most often employed in factories and as sellers or domestic servants. The latter group is found to be the most vulnerable. Despite indicating that they receive fair wages, many workers do not receive the bonuses, deferred pay, paid overtime, sick leave, insurance, training or promotion, which they believe they are entitled to. The worst working conditions are experienced by unregistered workers, whose legal status is exploited by employers and law enforcement officials.

Agricultural Cooperatives (ACs) have empowered farmers to develop resources sustainably. They transfer traditional subsistence agriculture to diversify crops and develop a value chain. This paper aims to analyze local engagement by focusing on the degree of participation, factors influencing local engagement in ACs operations and the constraints of ACs operations to support communities. With a cohort of 421 farmer members in the Kampong Speu and Pursat provinces of Cambodia, household surveys were designed to consider how factors influence local engagement. It was discovered that: (i) local engagement in ACs operations is limited, and management of boards of directors is a critical constraint to motivating local involvement; (ii) local engagement in ACs operations is associated with access to water, benefits from ACs, participation in ACs activities, risk control and ACs management, and ACs operations do not promote access to agricultural inputs; and (iii) ACs operations have faced several constraints, including poor management, inadequate capital accumulation, unavailable loans, loan mismanagement, a lack of skills, high illiteracy levels, small share values, a lack of access to credit facilities, access to the competitive market and a lack of support from extension services. This empirical study, with implications from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), addresses a gap in the literature by exploring engagement in ACs operations.