Mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have been allocated for developing livelihood models, particularly in developing countries. Uncontrolled allocation causes the mangrove forests to be vulnerable and even severely eroded. Restoration of vulnerable and eroded coastal areas has been merely conservation-driven, leaving livelihood-oriented mangrove forests unprotected. As a consequence, mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have not been well-protected. How livelihood-oriented mangrove forests are configured towards protecting coasts and protecting local livelihoods remains a challenge. This study employed a critical review for addressing this matter. The results reveal that there is limited practical knowledge of configuring livelihood-oriented models for protecting the coasts. The configuration process reported in this study is merely based on technical recommendations in South East Asia to date. The recommended configuration commences with the first stage of voluntarily designating a certain percentage of allocated forests on the seaward side to protect coasts, relocating livelihood models in the gaps among current stands of mangrove forests landward. Abandoned ponds are ecologically restored using sediment trapping structures for providing suitable substrate for promoting regrowth of local mangrove species as the second stage, followed by designation of an appropriate percentage as mangrove belts on the seaward side. The two-step configuration is highly likely to be replicable and applicable nationally and regionally due to full consideration of different political, sociocultural, and environmental characteristics in Vietnam and Indonesia.

Following the largest forest fire in Vietnam in 2002, various activities were undertaken to sustain the mangrove forest on peat soil remnants in the Mekong Delta region. These activities included promoting natural regeneration, afforestation, and rapid forest restoration measures, in addition to other protective measures such as rainwater retention to maintain moisture levels for fire prevention. However, two critical challenges emerged: allowing the forest to naturally regenerate would lead to annual forest fires but maintaining a constant water level through year-round water retention would harm biodiversity. The study was conducted in U Minh Thuong National Park to address forest regeneration. After a major forest fire in Vietnam, various measures were taken to promote forest regeneration, including afforestation, silvicultural solutions, and hydrological techniques such as rainwater storage to maintain humidity and prevent future fires. A hand drill was used to collect samples, and a total of 15 plots were set up to survey the growth of the forest at three peat thickness levels. At each of the three collection sites, samples of one kg were collected and labeled according to the site as UTM1, UTM2, and UTM3. The samples were then sent to the laboratory of the Southern Institute of Forestry Science for analysis. There was a relationship between the chemical indicators of peat and the evolution of the Melaleuca forest. Peat thickness and flooding regime significantly influenced the growth of the Melaleuca forest, while another identified relationship was between peat chemical indicators and forest growth. The chemical composition of peat water changed significantly due to the rainy and dry seasons, with nutrient content and pH affecting forest growth. Peat thickness and flooding regime were essential in regulating forest growth. These studies highlight the importance of considering multiple factors, such as peat thickness and chemical properties, when developing effective forest restoration strategies. By understanding the relationship between peat thickness, chemical properties, and forest growth, forest managers can develop targeted strategies to promote regeneration while minimizing negative impacts on biodiversity.

Reed (Phragmites autralis) is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle, it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park. This characteristic that management of forest fire is dificult in Vietnam. To evaluate height, diameter, density, growth, biomass of fresh and dry, biochar on reed plants; it include plant, stem, leaves, flowers; analysis indicators of growth, biomass, biochar on reed. compare chemical indicators of peat and biochar in U Minh Thuong and Kien Luong of Mekong Delta. Relationship of peat chemical with growth and biomass. Study adsorption from reed biochar with pig urine and inorganic chemical of nitrogen and phosphorus. Study on types of peatland thickness, each one had 5 plots, investigated height (Ht), diameter of stem (D0.0); weigh part of plants, stems, leaves and flowers. the soil samples collected on investigated 20 plots, biochar is analyzed for its chemical composition, then the biochar is adsorbed with pig urine and phosphorus and nitrogen inorganic. The results evaluated fresh biomass on parts of reed plant, dry biomass and biochar on parts of them. Results height 3.39 – 4.74 m, diemeter 1.8 – 3.17 cm, biomass 0.04 – 0.1 m3 / m2, weight 15.46 – 20.54 kg / m2. The dry weight / plant 127.34 – 358.58 g, a dry plant trunk 79.55 – 217.78 g, a dry plant leaves 33.78 – 112.16 g, a dry plant flowers 4.4 – 19.64 g. A plant Biochar 26.16 – 73.57 g, a trunk biochar 14.41 – 39.44 g, a leaf biochar 8.16 – 22.59 g, a flower biochar 2.59 – 11.54 g, Peat analysis, indicators decrease P2O5, SO42-, NH4+ and increase are pH, humic acid, N%, K2O, Fe2+. Compare biochar indicators of U Minh Thuong and Kien Luong indicators higher are 9/11 as humic acid, OM%, Ash%, C%, N%, P%, K%, Ca%, Mg%. Indicators lower are as pH and SiO. Reed biochar can adsorption the pig urine as ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus and it also adsorption inorganic as nitrogen and phosphorus. This discovery it is possible to propose the use of data for environment treatment and application of biochar fertilizer for agriculture in region.

Aims: Reed (Phragmites autralis) is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle, it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park. in Vietnam. To evaluate fresh and dry biomass, then made of biochar on reed plants to use biochar products provide bio-organic fertilizer raw materials for watermelon plant in agriculture. Methods: To achieve that goal several experiments were performed as (1) investtigate the biomass of fresh and dry reeds and made of biochar by using the traditional method; (2) adsorption with pig urine and chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potash) to see the retention of chemical coponents dispersed into the environment in the adsorbed biochar; (3) mix biochar with inorganic mineral fertilizers and peat to from some inorganic fertilizer – biochar formulas, then consider the chemical composition of that mixture; (4) using some mix biochar fertilizer to grow watermelon with local variety. Results: The results show that reeds can provide very high biomass to made of biochar fertilizer and reed biochar can adsorption the pig urine as ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus and it also adsorption inorganic as nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. So it is possible to propose the use study for planting watermelon and application treatment environment in the region polluted. Conclusions: Biomass and biochar of reed is very high, biochar can adsorb nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer; biochar can mixed peat and inorganic mineral fertilizer to planting watermelon in Mekong Delta. Implications of the research: With forest fire in U Minh Thuong national park every year by reed vegetation causing damage to property and human labor; Its research not only exploits renewable raw materials but also help control the risk of forest fires. Originality/valeu: This study the aim give the methods to control forest fires by product the biochar of reed (Phragmites autralis) U Minh Thuong national park of Vietnam, the species growing well the growth give biomass big volume on the rainny season and suplly dry material to made big forest fires on dry season in Vietnam.

Than sinh học (TSH) là vật liệu mới cho nông nghiệp và môi trường. Sậy (Phragmites australis Cav.) có sinh khối cao; khai thác giúp giảm vật liệu cháy tại U Minh Thượng và Kiên Lương, đồng thời cung cấp nguyên liệu tạo TSH. Sinh khối sậy được khảo sát tại 3 vùng, mỗi vùng 9 ô tiêu chuẩn (9 lần lặp). Các chỉ tiêu sinh trưởng gồm chiều cao, kích thước thân, khối lượng tươi và khô được ghi nhận. TSH từ sậy được sản xuất và đề xuất làm nguyên liệu phân bón hữu cơ. Phân tích hóa học theo tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam nhằm đánh giá sinh khối và khả năng sử dụng TSH. Sinh khối tươi, khô và TSH được xác định phục vụ bón lúa. Thành phần hóa học của thân, lá, hoa được phân tích; khả năng hấp phụ của TSH đối với nước tiểu heo và dinh dưỡng (N, P, K) được đánh giá. Hỗn hợp TSH sậy, than bùn và phân khoáng (N, P, K) được đề xuất áp dụng cho cây lúa, góp phần cải thiện môi trường và phát triển nông nghiệp.

Objective: The study aimed to provide a picture total of the forest and erosion status of the beach and dykes of Kien Giang and Ca Mau. Theoretical framework: Kien Giang and Ca Mau are located in the West Sea, and in recent years, along the coast of this region, erosion of the coast and sea dykes has been profound. Method: There are 18 sample plots for testing. The map also includes 68 survey plots that are predefined and used as a basis for positioning in the field. The measurement indicators include tree species identification. Results and conclusion: The level of erosion in Ha Tien’s forests varies based on tree density and environmental factors. The forest with no erosion has a thickness of 9,600 trees/ha and a stem diameter of 19 cm, while the extremely erosion forest has 2,000 trees/ha and a stem diameter of 6 cm. Topographically, Ha Tien has little erosion, while U Minh is a low-lying area with high erosion. Erosion levels are 1-2 in January-April, 4-5 in May-October, and 3 in November-December. Currently, the section is divided into 28 sub-sections, with Kien Giang having 23. One sub-section is level 1, 11 sub-sections are level 2, 1 is level 3, 3 are level 4, and 3 are level 5. In Ca Mau, two sub-sections are level 4, and 3 are level 5. Implications of the research: With climate change and rising sea levels, erosion levels tend to increase one level in sub-section areas in the coming years.