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The quantity and quality of forage and fodder crops is the major drawback of the livestock sector in the country. There is a need to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of fodder through the adoption of specific sustainable fodder production strategies. The field experiments were conducted during kharif (rainy, June–October), rabi (post-rainy, October–February), and summer (March–May) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 to identify a sustainable fodder cropping system module in randomized complete block design with fifteen fodder cropping systems in three replications. The main objective of this research was to identify the most productive cereal–legume cropping system, both in terms of quantity and quality of biomass, to reduce the gap between supply and demand of quality livestock feed around the year. Among cropping systems, Bajra–Napier hybrid intercropped with lucerne, cowpea, and sesbania recorded significantly higher green fodder (163.6, 155.2, and 144.0 t/ha/year, respectively) and dry matter yields (32.1, 30.8, and 31.3 t/ha/year, respectively). Similarly, the same perennial systems also recorded higher quality yield and ash content. However, higher crude protein content was noticed in monocrop legumes, with the highest in sesbania (22.32%), while higher ether extractable fat was found in monocrop sesbania (3.78%). The monocrop oats recorded higher non-fiber carbohydrates (36.90%) while a monocrop of pearl millet recorded higher total carbohydrates (80.75%), however they were on par with other monocrop cereal cropping systems. Cultivation of legumes as a monocrop, and their inclusion as an intercrop with cereals resulted in lower fiber fractions and improved crude protein in intercropping systems. Furthermore, this improved the dry matter intake and digestibility of fodder. With higher sustainable yield index values and land-use efficiency, perennial intercropping systems were also found to be sustainable. Thus, cultivation of the Bajra–Napier hybrid with either lucerne, cowpea, or sesbania as an intercrop will help livestock farmers to achieve higher productivity in terms of quantity and quality, and forms a viable option for overcoming livestock feed scarcity.
Konapura Nagaraja Manoj; Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara; Shankarappa Sridhara; Prakash Kumar Jha; P. V. Vara Prasad. Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9414 .
AMA StyleKonapura Nagaraja Manoj, Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara, Shankarappa Sridhara, Prakash Kumar Jha, P. V. Vara Prasad. Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonapura Nagaraja Manoj; Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara; Shankarappa Sridhara; Prakash Kumar Jha; P. V. Vara Prasad. 2021. "Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9414.
Monsoon fluctuation due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a reflective influence on rice production, which is the major food grain crop in India. The impact of ENSO on the spatial variability of summer monsoon rainfall was analyzed from 1950 to 2018 and that on Kharif rice production for the period of 1998–2016. It was clear from the analysis that ENSO had varied influences on rainfall and rice production over different rice-growing districts of Karnataka. During El Niño (strong, moderate, and weak) years, southwest (S-W) monsoon rainfall was below normal in all the districts of Karnataka, wherein the highest negative deviation from normal was recorded in the Mysore district (−21.43%). In contrast, the rice production was higher in 15 districts out of 25, and the deviation from normal ranged from −39.73% in Bidar to 42.11% in Gulbarga district. During the La Niña (strong, moderate, and weak) years, S-W monsoon rainfall was above normal in 12 districts in which Bidar and Bengaluru urban districts have shown the highest positive deviation (19.93 and 19.82%, respectively). However, except for Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Bidar, Davanagere, and Hassan districts, all the other major rice-growing districts have shown a positive deviation in rice production with the highest deviation of 62.39% in Tumkur district. Additionally, correlation coefficient values indicated the influence of southwest monsoon rainfall on Kharif rice production during El Niño years with a major contribution from September month rainfall. This kind of ENSO impact analysis on spatial rice production could be useful for formulating the farm-level site-specific management, planning, and policy decisions during ENSO periods in advance.
Shilpa Cherian; Shankarappa Sridhara; Konapura Manoj; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Abdullah Alrajhi; Ahmed Dewidar; Mohamed Mattar. Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1021 .
AMA StyleShilpa Cherian, Shankarappa Sridhara, Konapura Manoj, Pradeep Gopakkali, Nandini Ramesh, Abdullah Alrajhi, Ahmed Dewidar, Mohamed Mattar. Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1021.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShilpa Cherian; Shankarappa Sridhara; Konapura Manoj; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Abdullah Alrajhi; Ahmed Dewidar; Mohamed Mattar. 2021. "Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1021.