Emergence of the Energy Internet (EI) demands restructuring of traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed Generation (DG). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive technology enabler for the realization of EI to facilitate reliable, self-operated energy delivery. In this paper, we highlight six key directions towards utilizing blockchain capabilities to realize the envisaged EI. We elaborate the challenges in each direction and highlight the role of blockchain in addressing them. Furthermore, we summarize the future research directive in achieving fully autonomous and decentralized electricity distribution networks, which will be known as Energy Internet.

Energy blockchain applications are becoming inevitable with the transformation of electricity distribution networks into the decentralized Smart Grid 2.0 architecture. The scalability of the blockchain platform plays a key role in catering to the increasing number of nodes connected due to consumer-turned-prosumers being integrated into the distribution grid in a distributed manner. Hence, this study aims to optimize blockchain utilization for Smart Grid 2.0 applications through a novel consensus mechanism, which eliminates the requirement for performing additional complex computations to mine a new block. The algorithm utilizes the grid monitoring process through the existing smart meters, and thus has been capable of reducing the energy footprint for block mining to a fraction of that of the legacy Proof-of-Work algorithm, and reducing the block creation time by ~<60%. The proposed Power Line Monitoring-based Consensus Mechanism (PLMC) algorithm is validated using the Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT). In addition, data collected while monitoring the network for block mining is utilized for power quality measurement purposes.

The sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks presents transformative possibilities but also introduces significant security challenges. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in 6G security from 2020 to 2025, highlighting advancements, challenges, and potential solutions. We distinguish our survey by offering a comprehensive, cross-layer analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in both enabling and threatening 6G security. First, we outline the technological foundations and core features of 6G and 6G AI, emphasizing their implications for security. We then explore how AI can be leveraged for both offensive and defensive purposes across the infrastructure, network service, and application layers. Our study categorizes AI-driven threats and countermeasures and provides a structured analysis of five key security frameworks. We further examine how quantum-enhanced technologies contribute to securing AI in 6G environments. Finally, we identify open research questions and present key lessons learned to guide future research in building resilient and trustworthy AI-integrated 6G networks.

Protection schemes are mandatory for the safety and reliability of power systems operations. A Power System Simulator has been built as a teaching tool in order to provide a clear picture of the system, including generation, transmission and distribution, for the Electrical Engineering undergraduate. The simulator is based on using real 11kV vacuum circuit breakers as the base of operations and is a voltage scaled down version of a power system. The implementation of a distribution system at 400V and the improvements to the controllability of the motor generator set which models generation in one area of the simulator are discussed. A PSCAD (Power System Computer Aided Design) simulation is presented to validate the physical model built. The Implementation and co-ordination of protection schemes for an interconnected network is a challenging task. Thus the paper discusses the implementation of a bus bar protection scheme and the integration of protection aspects with the overall system.

The futuristic energy grids comprise of predom-inantly renewable generation, to align with the sustainable development goals. This would require integration of renewable energy sources at different levels of the power system out of which, consumers turning into power producers, often referred to as prosumers is an important aspect. Prosumers who generate excess power beyond self-consumption are keen on selling it to the neighbourhood in a peer-to-peer manner, expecting a profit. On the other hand, consumers expect concessions for using more of the green energy. Further, with the high intermittency of these generation, Distribution System Operators (DSO) face the challenge of securing a reliable power supply. In the envisaged grid context, deciding the price for energy trading between prosumers and consumers as well as estimating the reliability of each DSO is considered to be crucial. Hence, this study proposes utilizing an end-to-end reputation management system to maintain the past record related to the performance of each stakeholder, which can be integrated in the price determination and selection decisions. To further ensure decentralized and secure operations of such reputation management systems, a blockchain-based service architecture and smart contracts have been incorporated. The impact of this to the performance of the proposed energy trading system is analysed through cost and latency indices.