Since the early 2010s, sub-divided flats have been proliferating in Hong Kong—one of the world’s most compact and expensive cities to live in. The growth of informal housing in the city has long been attributed to the shortage of housing supply. Apart from developing new land for housing, one possible approach to deal with the land supply constraint is to speed up the redevelopment of old buildings in the city centre in order to maximise the land use potential. Yet, this approach brings about many socio-economic issues that drive up the transaction costs for its implementation. To get around the hurdles of urban redevelopment, a land management technique called land readjustment (LR) has been recommended, but its use has never been institutionalised in the city. Using declassified archival documents and maps, this article argues that LR was already implemented—albeit informally—in Hong Kong during the 1960s–70s within the Kowloon Walled City. With the historical experience of the City of Darkness, the aim of this article is to shed light on the in situ resettlement of original site residents—very much at the heart of land readjustment—as a means to bring down the transaction costs of deep urban redevelopment.

This review demonstrates the analytical application of Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework in identifying and evaluating possible outcomes of how the upcoming waste charging scheme could promote collective actions for post-consumption household food waste recycling in Hong Kong. This novel approach enables analysts to examine thoroughly complex collective action situations such as the case in this paper. A comprehensive review was performed on the published government documents and statistics, together with the past scholarly literature pertinent to the case. Previous studies and reports have shown due diligence on the part of the authorities in preparing infrastructure, educational campaigns, and recycling centres for the full implementation of the forthcoming waste charge scheme. Nevertheless, the findings also show the presence of an information gap in the practical aspect of the food waste collection and monitoring system. Some future research areas identified from this review are: how food waste can be collected from households; how illegal waste disposal be monitored; how the recent pandemic shapes households’ valorisation of food waste recycling; and how technological interventions can help optimise the collection efficacy of food waste.

Despite an objectivist vision by many heritage conservation bodies, the extant literature mostly dwells on the value of heritage as something subjective and arbitrary. Semiotically treating built-heritage as a Peircian triadic sign, instead of a dyadic sign, could reconcile this apparent dichotomy. Some squares of Macau]’s Historic Centre are taken as case study. Using a Coasian perspective, this paper argues how the meaning-delimiting consequences of a triadic semiotic framework allow for a lower transaction cost in valuation and eventually a more sustainable conservation. This has been confirmed by an expert decision in designating the relatively new squares as heritage protected areas.