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Dr. Rebecca Millard
Sanquin Research, Amsterdam

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Aquaculture
0 Bioinformatics
0 Host-pathogen Interactions
0 Virology
0 Invertebrate

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Career Timeline

Sanquin Research, Amsterdam

Others

01 August 2020 - 01 September 2021


University of Exeter

Graduate Student or Post Graduate

01 September 2015 - 01 June 2020


University of Leeds

Undergraduate Student

01 September 2011 - 01 July 2015




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Journal article
Published: 13 June 2021 in Viruses
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White Spot Disease (WSD) presents a major barrier to penaeid shrimp production. Mechanisms underlying White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) susceptibility in penaeids are poorly understood due to limited information related to early infection. We investigated mRNA and miRNA transcription in Penaeus vannamei over 36 h following infection. Over this time course, 6192 transcripts and 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed—with limited differential expression from 3–12 h post injection (hpi) and a more significant transcriptional response associated with the onset of disease symptoms (24 hpi). During early infection, regulated processes included cytoskeletal remodelling and alterations in phagocytic activity that may assist WSSV entry and translocation, novel miRNA-induced metabolic shifts, and the downregulation of ATP-dependent proton transporter subunits that may impair cellular recycling. During later infection, uncoupling of the electron transport chain may drive cellular dysfunction and lead to high mortalities in infected penaeids. We propose that post-transcriptional silencing of the immune priming gene Dscam (downregulated following infections) by a novel shrimp miRNA (Pva-pmiR-78; upregulated) as a potential mechanism preventing future recognition of WSSV that may be suppressed in surviving shrimp. Our findings improve our understanding of WSD pathogenesis in P. vannamei and provide potential avenues for future development of prophylactics and treatments.

ACS Style

Rebecca Millard; Lisa Bickley; Kelly Bateman; Audrey Farbos; Diana Minardi; Karen Moore; Stuart Ross; Grant Stentiford; Charles Tyler; Ronny van Aerle; Eduarda Santos. Global mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveal Key Processes in the Initial Response to Infection with WSSV in the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp. Viruses 2021, 13, 1140 .

AMA Style

Rebecca Millard, Lisa Bickley, Kelly Bateman, Audrey Farbos, Diana Minardi, Karen Moore, Stuart Ross, Grant Stentiford, Charles Tyler, Ronny van Aerle, Eduarda Santos. Global mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveal Key Processes in the Initial Response to Infection with WSSV in the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Millard; Lisa Bickley; Kelly Bateman; Audrey Farbos; Diana Minardi; Karen Moore; Stuart Ross; Grant Stentiford; Charles Tyler; Ronny van Aerle; Eduarda Santos. 2021. "Global mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveal Key Processes in the Initial Response to Infection with WSSV in the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1140.

Review
Published: 01 April 2020 in Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
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White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) causes White Spot Disease (WSD) and is historically the most devastating disease in the shrimp industry. Global losses from this disease have previously exceeded $3 bn annually, having a major impact on a global industry worth US$19 bn per annum. Shrimp are cultured predominantly in enclosed ponds that are subject to considerable fluctuations in abiotic conditions and WSD outbreaks are increasingly linked to periods of extreme weather, which may cause major fluctuations in pond culture conditions. Combined with the intensity of production in these systems, the resulting suboptimal physicochemical conditions have a major bearing on the susceptibility of shrimp to infection and disease. Current knowledge indicates that pond temperature and salinity are major factors determining outbreak severity. WSSV appears to be most virulent in water temperatures between 25 and 28 °C and salinities far removed from the isoosmotic point of shrimp. Elevated temperatures (>30 °C) may protect against WSD, depending on the stage of infection, however the mechanisms mediating this effect have not been well established. Other factors relating to water quality that may play key roles in determining outbreak severity include dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrogenous compound concentration, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH, but data on their impacts on WSSV susceptibility in cultured shrimps is scarce. This illustrates a major research gap in our understanding of the influence of environmental conditions on disease. For example, it is not clear whether temperature manipulations can be used effectively to prevent or mitigate WSD in cultured shrimp. Therefore, developing our understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on shrimp susceptibility to WSSV may provide insight for WSD mitigation when, even after decades of research, there is no effective practical prophylaxis or treatment.

ACS Style

Rebecca S. Millard; Robert P. Ellis; Kelly S. Bateman; Lisa K. Bickley; Charles R. Tyler; Ronny van Aerle; Eduarda M. Santos. How do abiotic environmental conditions influence shrimp susceptibility to disease? A critical analysis focussed on White Spot Disease. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 2020, 107369 .

AMA Style

Rebecca S. Millard, Robert P. Ellis, Kelly S. Bateman, Lisa K. Bickley, Charles R. Tyler, Ronny van Aerle, Eduarda M. Santos. How do abiotic environmental conditions influence shrimp susceptibility to disease? A critical analysis focussed on White Spot Disease. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 2020; ():107369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca S. Millard; Robert P. Ellis; Kelly S. Bateman; Lisa K. Bickley; Charles R. Tyler; Ronny van Aerle; Eduarda M. Santos. 2020. "How do abiotic environmental conditions influence shrimp susceptibility to disease? A critical analysis focussed on White Spot Disease." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , no. : 107369.