Despite modern vehicles having the necessary advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for autonomous operation, current implementations rely solely on sensor information from the surrounding environment or data from smart infrastructure. However, shortcomings in current implementations and standards around cost-effective variable latency and data rate have prevented widespread adoption of the technology to enable autonomous operation. This paper presents a proof-of-concept (PoC) reconfigurable design and performance of a hybrid high-ultra-high bands [i.e., millimetre-Wave (mmWave)-light fidelity (Li-Fi)] fifth generation (5G) architecture for autonomous vehicular communication applications. The hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system architecture design is mathematically modelled and presented. The reported prelim PoC validation focuses on the Li-Fi experiment and results. The proposed hybrid system’s effectiveness was evaluated using the open-source “Model-based Autonomous Traffic Simulation” (MOBATSim). The simulation results of a potential Li-Fi system and a PoC prototype are presented to demonstrate the role of the Li-Fi system in the proposed hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G architecture. Three models of LED/lamp and two models of photodiode were simulated at three different vehicle speeds to ascertain the potential of the system. Promising results are reported at low speeds with received power values of up to -8.39 dBm and signal to noise ratios of up to 29.39 dB. Practical prototype simulations showed auspicious results including received power of -24.6 dBm to -34.12 dBm at the vehicle speeds of 10 MPH to 30 MPH respectively. The implemented PoC Li-Fi technology component has demonstrated the ability to transmit information with a theoretical output of 333 bits per second at 1.92 m, without the use of any high-power processors, components, and modulation techniques. The proposed system yields high data rates due to reconfigurable high bandwidth channels; many simultaneous multimedia mmWave-Li-Fi connections enabled due to spatial reuse with narrow beams; and easier mmWave-Li-Fi ultra-low latency support occasioned by smaller packet sizes. This holds a great promise for the hybrid 5G/6G mmWave-Li-Fi autonomous vehicular communication use case and/or applications.

This paper presents three- and five-ports radio frequency (RF) hybrid power divider combiner (HPDC) designs with multiband characteristics operating at 2.4 GHz (ISM, IEEE 802.11b,g); 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11n, a and 802.11ac); and 6 GHz (IEEE 802.11ax) wireless standards for energy-efficient 5G-enabled passive Internet of Things (IoT) sensors; energy harvesting (E.H); passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna beamforming; and data communication applications spanning DC to the 6-GHz frequency range. The presented HPDC designs operate at a centre-design frequency of 3 GHz on a Rogers RO4350 substrate. The designed novel HPDC demonstrates a good match between the ports, high isolation between the output ports, and equal power distribution between the output ports. Furthermore, the obtained return and isolation losses are less than −10 dB for the Wi-Fi 6E standards. The reported findings hold an excellent promise for RF energy harvesting and utilisation, adaptive intelligent energy-efficient data communication, and seamless ubiquitous satellite-cellular convergence connectivity applications.

The direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and beamforming are effective methods for spatial diversity realization. Various algorithm already exists for implementing these methods. This paper explore the performance of least mean square algorithm (LMS) beamforming algorithm. This adaptive beamforming algorithm investigates receiver signal processing method that continuously monitor, calculate and update the weights in a continuously changing electromagnetic environment. Several optimization algorithms are studied, and a comparison of the least mean-squared algorithm and the minimum variance distortionless response is investigated with varying parameters (i.e. number of antenna element, element spacing etc.) using analytical method and Matlab simulation. It would be demonstrated through simulation that LMS algorithm increases signal quality by elimination interfering signals and noise by nulling them, while sending maximum signal (beams) to the desired direction.

Critical care has frequently been fatal for trauma patients suffering from hemorrhage. The pre-hospital communication gap between the paramedics and the doctors contributes most towards this. This paper discusses a system model of a 5G-enabled communication architecture among the major trauma centres in the Greater Manchester. An Internet of sensors acquires and wirelessly communicates biosignals from the patient in real time, using 5G. These signals are then displayed as parameters to the closest trauma care management centres. This paper proposes a connectivity model that supports such a system by assessing and identifying the most optimal path for signal transmittance. A system-level 5G network modelling and simulation findings reveal that a signal-to-noise ratio of over 2dB is achieved for two base stations between the incident site and the nearest emergency medical centre. This value decreases by over 5 dB as the number of base station doubles. Hence, reconfigurable 5G base stations connectivity subsystems are required for critical vertical use cases of the radio standard.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is the next innovative technology to transform the automotive industry. It implements the power of Internet of things (IoTs) connectivity and processing to improve the efficiency, performance, and safety of future vehicles. V2X enables vehicles to have a high awareness of the surrounding environmental factors, infrastructures, and other vehicles through the advanced sensing and communication technologies in place. Current communication platforms in place are not able to fully support the transmission of high priority safety critical data required to provide these services. Individually, the two main V2X architectures (DSRC and C-V2X) have limitations which inhibit them from fully supporting the V2X platform. As such, this chapter proposes the integration of 5G technology, which supports all types of communication technologies through the integration of reconfigurable devices and offers higher data rates and bandwidths than any preceding platform. The architecture proposed in the chapter is composed of three layers: DSR V2X for direct short-range communication; cellular V2X layer which will combine 5G cellular platform to provide backup communication when DSR V2X layer fails and multimedia capabilities; and satellite (SAT)-V2X which provides extra backhaul connectivity when both DSR and cellular V2X is unavailable. The system design, modeling, and simulation results yield a more reliable and sustainable V2X capacity for critical real-time vehicular communication applications.

This chapter presents a transceiver sensitivity modeling and link characterization over-the-air (OTA) for K/Ka-band frequency for next-generation 5G and low earth orbit (LEO) communication applications. The transceiver system is simulated using estimated link budget parameters. The simulated transceiver includes a DQPSK modulator, a power amplifier, a low noise amplifier, and mixers optimized to meet industry specifications. The transmitter front-end shows a 24.6 dBm output power with an input transmission power of 0 dBm. The receiver simulation shows a gain of 48 dBm and an intermediate frequency output power of 35.8 dBm. The simulated sensitivity of the receiver spans from -115 dBm to -110 dBm, indicating good coverage over the channel bandwidth.