This paper presents three- and five-ports radio frequency (RF) hybrid power divider combiner (HPDC) designs with multiband characteristics operating at 2.4 GHz (ISM, IEEE 802.11b,g); 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11n, a and 802.11ac); and 6 GHz (IEEE 802.11ax) wireless standards for energy-efficient 5G-enabled passive Internet of Things (IoT) sensors; energy harvesting (E.H); passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna beamforming; and data communication applications spanning DC to the 6-GHz frequency range. The presented HPDC designs operate at a centre-design frequency of 3 GHz on a Rogers RO4350 substrate. The designed novel HPDC demonstrates a good match between the ports, high isolation between the output ports, and equal power distribution between the output ports. Furthermore, the obtained return and isolation losses are less than −10 dB for the Wi-Fi 6E standards. The reported findings hold an excellent promise for RF energy harvesting and utilisation, adaptive intelligent energy-efficient data communication, and seamless ubiquitous satellite-cellular convergence connectivity applications.

8-12 GHz pHEMT MMIC Low-Noise Amplifier for 5G and Fiber-Integrated Satellite Applications

The direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and beamforming are effective methods for spatial diversity realization. Various algorithm already exists for implementing these methods. This paper explore the performance of least mean square algorithm (LMS) beamforming algorithm. This adaptive beamforming algorithm investigates receiver signal processing method that continuously monitor, calculate and update the weights in a continuously changing electromagnetic environment. Several optimization algorithms are studied, and a comparison of the least mean-squared algorithm and the minimum variance distortionless response is investigated with varying parameters (i.e. number of antenna element, element spacing etc.) using analytical method and Matlab simulation. It would be demonstrated through simulation that LMS algorithm increases signal quality by elimination interfering signals and noise by nulling them, while sending maximum signal (beams) to the desired direction.

A 23-28 GHz pHEMT MMIC Low-Noise Amplifier for Satellite-Cellular Convergence Applications

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to increased demand for low-power energy harvesting solutions to power the vast number of interconnected devices. In this context, the combination of wireless radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting, and perovskite photovoltaic has emerged as a promising approach for efficient energy harvesting in low-power IoT applications. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the design considerations for a hybrid wireless RF-perovskite photovoltaic energy harvester tailored specifically for low-power IoT devices. For the first time, combined mathematical modelling of the system architecture is presented. The achieved efficiency of the combined system is 78% and this holds a great promise for next generation 5G/6G smart IoT passive electronics.