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To date, no evidence supports the fact that animals play a role in the epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, several animal species are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides pets (cats, dogs, Syrian hamsters, and ferrets) and farm animals (minks), different zoo animal species have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (large felids and non-human primates). After the summer of 2020, a second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in Barcelona (Spain), reaching a peak of positive cases in November. During that period, four lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo and three caretakers developed respiratory signs and tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Lion infection was monitored for several weeks and nasal, fecal, saliva, and blood samples were taken at different time-points. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasal samples from all studied lions and the viral RNA was detected up to two weeks after the initial viral positive test in three out of four animals. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was also detected in the feces of animals at different times. Virus isolation was successful only from respiratory samples of two lions at an early time-point. The four animals developed neutralizing antibodies after the infection that were detectable four months after the initial diagnosis. The partial SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from one animal caretaker was identical to the sequences obtained from lions. Chronology of the events, the viral dynamics, and the genomic data support human-to-lion transmission as the origin of infection.
Hugo Fernández-Bellon; Jordi Rodon; Leira Fernández-Bastit; Vanessa Almagro; Pilar Padilla-Solé; Cristina Lorca-Oró; Rosa Valle; Núria Roca; Santina Grazioli; Tiziana Trogu; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Bonaventura Clotet; Ana Moreno; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert. Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses 2021, 13, 1683 .
AMA StyleHugo Fernández-Bellon, Jordi Rodon, Leira Fernández-Bastit, Vanessa Almagro, Pilar Padilla-Solé, Cristina Lorca-Oró, Rosa Valle, Núria Roca, Santina Grazioli, Tiziana Trogu, Albert Bensaid, Jorge Carrillo, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Julià Blanco, Mariona Parera, Marc Noguera-Julián, Bonaventura Clotet, Ana Moreno, Joaquim Segalés, Júlia Vergara-Alert. Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses. 2021; 13 (9):1683.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Fernández-Bellon; Jordi Rodon; Leira Fernández-Bastit; Vanessa Almagro; Pilar Padilla-Solé; Cristina Lorca-Oró; Rosa Valle; Núria Roca; Santina Grazioli; Tiziana Trogu; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Bonaventura Clotet; Ana Moreno; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert. 2021. "Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses." Viruses 13, no. 9: 1683.
With the spread of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a need to assess the protection conferred by both previous infections and current vaccination. Here we tested the neutralizing activity of infected and/or vaccinated individuals against pseudoviruses expressing the spike of the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1), the D614G mutant and the B.1.1.7 variant. Our data show that parameters of natural infection (time from infection and nature of the infecting variant) determined cross-neutralization. Uninfected vaccinees showed a small reduction in neutralization against the B.1.1.7 variant compared to both the WH1 strain and the D614G mutant. Interestingly, upon vaccination, previously infected individuals developed more robust neutralizing responses against B.1.1.7, suggesting that vaccines can boost the neutralization breadth conferred by natural infection.
Benjamin Trinité; Edwards Pradenas; Silvia Marfil; Carla Rovirosa; Víctor Urrea; Ferran Tarrés-Freixas; Raquel Ortiz; Jordi Rodon; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés; Victor Guallar; Rosalba Lepore; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Glòria Trujillo; Jaume Trapé; Carolina González-Fernández; Antonia Flor; Rafel Pérez-Vidal; Ruth Toledo; Anna Chamorro; Roger Paredes; Ignacio Blanco; Eulàlia Grau; Marta Massanella; Jorge Carrillo; Bonaventura Clotet; Julià Blanco. Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses 2021, 13, 1135 .
AMA StyleBenjamin Trinité, Edwards Pradenas, Silvia Marfil, Carla Rovirosa, Víctor Urrea, Ferran Tarrés-Freixas, Raquel Ortiz, Jordi Rodon, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés, Victor Guallar, Rosalba Lepore, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Glòria Trujillo, Jaume Trapé, Carolina González-Fernández, Antonia Flor, Rafel Pérez-Vidal, Ruth Toledo, Anna Chamorro, Roger Paredes, Ignacio Blanco, Eulàlia Grau, Marta Massanella, Jorge Carrillo, Bonaventura Clotet, Julià Blanco. Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamin Trinité; Edwards Pradenas; Silvia Marfil; Carla Rovirosa; Víctor Urrea; Ferran Tarrés-Freixas; Raquel Ortiz; Jordi Rodon; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés; Victor Guallar; Rosalba Lepore; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Glòria Trujillo; Jaume Trapé; Carolina González-Fernández; Antonia Flor; Rafel Pérez-Vidal; Ruth Toledo; Anna Chamorro; Roger Paredes; Ignacio Blanco; Eulàlia Grau; Marta Massanella; Jorge Carrillo; Bonaventura Clotet; Julià Blanco. 2021. "Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1135.
While MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus) provokes a lethal disease in humans, camelids, the main virus reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers, suggesting a crucial role for innate immune responses in controlling the infection. Experimentally infected camelids clear infectious virus within one week and mount an effective adaptive immune response. Here, transcription of immune response genes was monitored in the respiratory tract of MERS-CoV infected alpacas. Concomitant to the peak of infection, occurring at 2 days post inoculation (dpi), type I and III interferons (IFNs) were maximally transcribed only in the nasal mucosa of alpacas, while interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced along the whole respiratory tract. Simultaneous to mild focal infiltration of leukocytes in nasal mucosa and submucosa, upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and dampened transcription of pro-inflammatory genes under NF-κB control were observed. In the lung, early (1 dpi) transcription of chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3) correlated with a transient accumulation of mainly mononuclear leukocytes. A tight regulation of IFNs in lungs with expression of ISGs and controlled inflammatory responses, might contribute to virus clearance without causing tissue damage. Thus, the nasal mucosa, the main target of MERS-CoV in camelids, seems central in driving an efficient innate immune response based on triggering ISGs as well as the dual anti-inflammatory effects of type III IFNs and IL10.
Nigeer Te; Jordi Rodon; Maria Ballester; Mónica Pérez; Lola Pailler-García; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Albert Bensaid. Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17, e1009229 .
AMA StyleNigeer Te, Jordi Rodon, Maria Ballester, Mónica Pérez, Lola Pailler-García, Joaquim Segalés, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Albert Bensaid. Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection. PLOS Pathogens. 2021; 17 (5):e1009229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNigeer Te; Jordi Rodon; Maria Ballester; Mónica Pérez; Lola Pailler-García; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Albert Bensaid. 2021. "Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 5: e1009229.
Summary Background Understanding mid-term kinetics of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is the cornerstone for public health control of the pandemic and vaccine development. However, current evidence is rather based on limited measurements, losing sight of the temporal pattern of these changes. Methods We conducted a longitudinal analysis on a prospective cohort of COVID-19 patients followed up for >6 months. Neutralizing activity was evaluated using HIV reporter pseudoviruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein. IgG antibody titer was evaluated by ELISA against the S2 subunit, the receptor binding domain (RBD), and the nucleoprotein (NP). Statistical analyses were carried out using mixed-effects models. Findings We found that individuals with mild or asymptomatic infection experienced an insignificant decay in neutralizing activity, which persisted 6 months after symptom onset or diagnosis. Hospitalized individuals showed higher neutralizing titers, which decreased following a 2-phase pattern, with an initial rapid decline that significantly slowed after day 80. Despite this initial decay, neutralizing activity at 6 months remained higher among hospitalized individuals compared to mild symptomatic. The slow decline in neutralizing activity at mid-term contrasted with the steep slope of anti-RBD, S2, or NP antibody titers, all of them showing a constant decline over the follow-up period. Conclusions Our results reinforce the hypothesis that the quality of the neutralizing immune response against SARS-CoV-2 evolves over the post-convalescent stage. Funding This study was funded by Grifols, the Departament de Salut of the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant nos. SLD016 to J.B. and SLD015 to J.C.), the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (grant nos. PI17/01518 and PI18/01332 to J.C.), CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 252, and the crowdfunding initiatives #joemcorono, BonPreu/Esclat, and Correos. The funders had no role in the study design, the data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. E.P. was supported by a doctoral grant from the National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID; 72180406). C.A.-N. was supported by a doctoral grant from Generalitat de Catalunya and Fons Social Europeu (FI). S.P.-Y. was supported by Fundación Canaria Doctor Manuel Morales and Universidad de La Laguna.
Edwards Pradenas; Benjamin Trinité; Víctor Urrea; Silvia Marfil; Carlos Ávila-Nieto; María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción; Ferran Tarrés-Freixas; Silvia Pérez-Yanes; Carla Rovirosa; Erola Ainsua-Enrich; Jordi Rodon; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés; Victor Guallar; Alfonso Valencia; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Roger Paredes; Lourdes Mateu; Anna Chamorro; Marta Massanella; Jorge Carrillo; Bonaventura Clotet; Julià Blanco. Stable neutralizing antibody levels 6 months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodes. Med 2021, 2, 313 -320.e4.
AMA StyleEdwards Pradenas, Benjamin Trinité, Víctor Urrea, Silvia Marfil, Carlos Ávila-Nieto, María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción, Ferran Tarrés-Freixas, Silvia Pérez-Yanes, Carla Rovirosa, Erola Ainsua-Enrich, Jordi Rodon, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés, Victor Guallar, Alfonso Valencia, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Roger Paredes, Lourdes Mateu, Anna Chamorro, Marta Massanella, Jorge Carrillo, Bonaventura Clotet, Julià Blanco. Stable neutralizing antibody levels 6 months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodes. Med. 2021; 2 (3):313-320.e4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdwards Pradenas; Benjamin Trinité; Víctor Urrea; Silvia Marfil; Carlos Ávila-Nieto; María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción; Ferran Tarrés-Freixas; Silvia Pérez-Yanes; Carla Rovirosa; Erola Ainsua-Enrich; Jordi Rodon; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés; Victor Guallar; Alfonso Valencia; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Roger Paredes; Lourdes Mateu; Anna Chamorro; Marta Massanella; Jorge Carrillo; Bonaventura Clotet; Julià Blanco. 2021. "Stable neutralizing antibody levels 6 months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodes." Med 2, no. 3: 313-320.e4.
Reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have already been documented in humans, although its real incidence is currently unknown. Besides having great impact on public health, this phenomenon raises the question if immunity generated by a single infection is sufficient to provide sterilizing/protective immunity to a subsequent SARS-CoV-2 re-exposure. The Golden Syrian hamster is a manageable animal model to explore immunological mechanisms able to counteract COVID-19, as it recapitulates pathological aspects of mild to moderately affected patients. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2-inoculated hamsters resolve infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts within seven days upon inoculation with the Cat01 (G614) SARS-CoV-2 isolate. Three weeks after primary challenge, and despite high titers of neutralizing antibodies, half of the animals were susceptible to reinfection by both identical (Cat01, G614) and variant (WA/1, D614) SARS-CoV-2 isolates. However, upon re-inoculation, only nasal tissues were transiently infected with much lower viral replication than those observed after the first inoculation. These data indicate that a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is not sufficient to elicit a sterilizing immunity in hamster models but protects against lung disease.
Marco Brustolin; Jordi Rodon; María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción; Carlos Ávila-Nieto; Guillermo Cantero; Mónica Pérez; Nigeer Te; Marc Noguera-Julián; Víctor Guallar; Alfonso Valencia; Núria Roca; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Bonaventura Clotet; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés. Protection against reinfection with D614- or G614-SARS-CoV-2 isolates in golden Syrian hamster. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2021, 10, 797 -809.
AMA StyleMarco Brustolin, Jordi Rodon, María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción, Carlos Ávila-Nieto, Guillermo Cantero, Mónica Pérez, Nigeer Te, Marc Noguera-Julián, Víctor Guallar, Alfonso Valencia, Núria Roca, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Julià Blanco, Bonaventura Clotet, Albert Bensaid, Jorge Carrillo, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés. Protection against reinfection with D614- or G614-SARS-CoV-2 isolates in golden Syrian hamster. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2021; 10 (1):797-809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Brustolin; Jordi Rodon; María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción; Carlos Ávila-Nieto; Guillermo Cantero; Mónica Pérez; Nigeer Te; Marc Noguera-Julián; Víctor Guallar; Alfonso Valencia; Núria Roca; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Bonaventura Clotet; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Joaquim Segalés. 2021. "Protection against reinfection with D614- or G614-SARS-CoV-2 isolates in golden Syrian hamster." Emerging Microbes & Infections 10, no. 1: 797-809.
While MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus) provokes a lethal disease in humans, camelids, the main virus reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers, suggesting a crucial role for innate immune responses in controlling the infection. Experimentally infected camelids clear infectious virus within one week and mount an effective adaptive immune response. Here, transcription of immune response genes was monitored in the respiratory tract of MERS-CoV infected alpacas. Concomitant to the peak of infection, occurring at 2 days post inoculation (dpi), type I and III interferons (IFNs) were maximally transcribed only in the nasal mucosa of alpacas, provoking the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) along the whole respiratory tract. Simultaneous to mild focal infiltration of leukocytes in nasal mucosa and submucosa, upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and dampened transcription of pro-inflammatory genes under NF-κB control were observed. In the lung, early (1 dpi) transcription of chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3) correlated with a transient accumulation of mainly mononuclear leukocytes. A tight regulation of IFNs in lungs with expression of ISGs and controlled inflammatory responses, might contribute to virus clearance without causing tissue damage. Thus, the nasal mucosa, the main target of MERS-CoV in camelids, is central in driving an efficient innate immune response based on triggering ISGs as well as the dual anti-inflammatory effects of type III IFNs and IL10.Author summaryMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a respiratory disease causing high mortality in humans. In camelids, the main MERS-CoV reservoir host, viral infection leads to subclinical disease. Our study describes transcriptional regulations of innate immunological pathways underlying asymptomatic clinical manifestations of alpacas in response to MERS-CoV. Concomitant to the peak of infection, these animals elicited a strong transient interferon response and induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in the nasal mucosa. This was associated to a dimmed regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induction of interferon stimulated genes along the whole respiratory mucosa, leading to the rapid clearance of the virus. Thus, innate immune responses occurring in the nasal mucosa appear to be the key in controlling MERS-CoV disease by avoiding a cytokine storm. Understanding on how asymptomatic host reservoirs counteract MERS-CoV infection will aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Nigeer Te; Jordi Rodon; Maria Ballester; Mónica Pérez; Lola Pailler-García; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Albert Bensaid. Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are key features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleNigeer Te, Jordi Rodon, Maria Ballester, Mónica Pérez, Lola Pailler-García, Joaquim Segalés, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Albert Bensaid. Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are key features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNigeer Te; Jordi Rodon; Maria Ballester; Mónica Pérez; Lola Pailler-García; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Albert Bensaid. 2020. "Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are key features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection." , no. : 1.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, is considered a zoonotic pathogen mainly transmitted human to human. Few reports indicate that pets may be exposed to the virus. The present report describes a cat suffering from severe respiratory distress and thrombocytopenia living with a family with several members affected by COVID-19. Clinical signs of the cat prompted humanitarian euthanasia and a detailed postmortem investigation to assess whether a COVID-19−like disease was causing the condition. Necropsy results showed the animal suffered from feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe pulmonary edema and thrombosis. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was only detected in nasal swab, nasal turbinates, and mesenteric lymph node, but no evidence of histopathological lesions compatible with a viral infection were detected. The cat seroconverted against SARS-CoV-2, further evidencing a productive infection in this animal. We conclude that the animal had a subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infection concomitant to an unrelated cardiomyopathy that led to euthanasia.
Joaquim Segalés; Mariona Puig; Jordi Rodon; Carlos Avila-Nieto; Jorge Carrillo; Guillermo Cantero; Maria Teresa Terrón; Sílvia Cruz; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Víctor Guallar; Enric Vidal; Alfonso Valencia; Ignacio Blanco; Julià Blanco; Bonaventura Clotet; Júlia Vergara-Alert. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat owned by a COVID-19−affected patient in Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2020, 117, 24790 -24793.
AMA StyleJoaquim Segalés, Mariona Puig, Jordi Rodon, Carlos Avila-Nieto, Jorge Carrillo, Guillermo Cantero, Maria Teresa Terrón, Sílvia Cruz, Mariona Parera, Marc Noguera-Julián, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Víctor Guallar, Enric Vidal, Alfonso Valencia, Ignacio Blanco, Julià Blanco, Bonaventura Clotet, Júlia Vergara-Alert. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat owned by a COVID-19−affected patient in Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020; 117 (40):24790-24793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoaquim Segalés; Mariona Puig; Jordi Rodon; Carlos Avila-Nieto; Jorge Carrillo; Guillermo Cantero; Maria Teresa Terrón; Sílvia Cruz; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Víctor Guallar; Enric Vidal; Alfonso Valencia; Ignacio Blanco; Julià Blanco; Bonaventura Clotet; Júlia Vergara-Alert. 2020. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat owned by a COVID-19−affected patient in Spain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 40: 24790-24793.
Background There is a crucial need for effective therapies that are immediately available to counteract COVID-19 disease. Recently, ELISA binding cross-reactivity against components of human epidemic coronaviruses with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF (5% and 10%) have been reported. In this study, the same products were tested for neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and their potential as an antiviral therapy. Methods The neutralization capacity of six selected lots of IVIG was assessed against SARS-CoV-2 (two different isolates), SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in cell cultures. Infectivity neutralization was measured by determining the percent reduction in plaque-forming units (PFU) and by cytopathic effects for two IVIG lots in one of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Neutralization was quantified using the plaque reduction neutralization test 50 (PRNT50) in the PFU assay and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the cytopathic/cytotoxic method (calculated as the minus log10 dilution which reduced the viral titer by 50%). Results All IVIG preparations showed neutralization of both SARS-CoV-2 isolates, ranging from 79 to 89.5% with PRNT50 titers from 4.5 to >5 for the PFU method and ranging from 47.0%-64.7% with an IC50 ~1 for the cytopathic method. All IVIG lots produced neutralization of SARS-CoV ranging from 39.5 to 55.1 % and PRNT50 values ranging from 2.0 to 3.3. No IVIG preparation showed significant neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV. Conclusion In cell culture neutralization assays, the tested IVIG products contain antibodies with significant cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. However, no neutralization capacity was demonstrated against MERS-CoV. These preparations are currently available and may be immediately useful for COVID-19 management.
José-María Díez; Carolina Romero; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Melissa Belló-Perez; Jordi Rodon; José Manuel Honrubia; Joaquim Segalés; Isabel Sola; Luis Enjuanes; Rodrigo Gajardo. Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleJosé-María Díez, Carolina Romero, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Melissa Belló-Perez, Jordi Rodon, José Manuel Honrubia, Joaquim Segalés, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Rodrigo Gajardo. Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé-María Díez; Carolina Romero; Júlia Vergara-Alert; Melissa Belló-Perez; Jordi Rodon; José Manuel Honrubia; Joaquim Segalés; Isabel Sola; Luis Enjuanes; Rodrigo Gajardo. 2020. "Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins." , no. : 1.
The ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks pose a worldwide public health threat. Blocking MERS-CoV zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels, the animal reservoir, could potentially reduce the number of primary human cases. Here we report MERS-CoV transmission from experimentally infected llamas to naïve animals. Directly inoculated llamas shed virus for at least 6 days and could infect all in-contact naïve animals 4–5 days after exposure. With the aim to block virus transmission, we examined the efficacy of a recombinant spike S1-protein vaccine. In contrast to naïve animals, in-contact vaccinated llamas did not shed infectious virus upon exposure to directly inoculated llamas, consistent with the induction of strong virus neutralizing antibody responses. Our data provide further evidence that vaccination of the reservoir host may impede MERS-CoV zoonotic transmission to humans.
Jordi Rodon; Nisreen M. A. Okba; Nigeer Te; Brenda Van Dieren; Berend-Jan Bosch; Albert Bensaid; Joaquim Segalés; Bart L. Haagmans; Júlia Vergara-Alert. Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2019, 8, 1593 -1603.
AMA StyleJordi Rodon, Nisreen M. A. Okba, Nigeer Te, Brenda Van Dieren, Berend-Jan Bosch, Albert Bensaid, Joaquim Segalés, Bart L. Haagmans, Júlia Vergara-Alert. Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2019; 8 (1):1593-1603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordi Rodon; Nisreen M. A. Okba; Nigeer Te; Brenda Van Dieren; Berend-Jan Bosch; Albert Bensaid; Joaquim Segalés; Bart L. Haagmans; Júlia Vergara-Alert. 2019. "Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein." Emerging Microbes & Infections 8, no. 1: 1593-1603.