Climate change caused by global warming, and the growing scarcity of nonrenewable energy sources, have driven Pakistan to shift from a traditional energy consumption pattern to a renewable-energy-use pattern. The per capita energy consumption in rural Pakistan is very low, especially in rural areas heavily relying on traditional energy sources. This paper presents the extent of biogas technology adoption by Pakistani rural households and the factors affecting their decision to adopt the technology in three selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The data were collected by interviewing 480 respondents by using a pretested and designed questionnaire. The results show that the household adoption rate of biogas technologies is low. The factors affecting the adoption decision of households included household income, access to credit, cultivated land area, the number of cattle in the household, education, and family size. The study also found fundamental barriers to the household adoption of biogas technologies, such as a lack of proper technical services by implementing organizations and insufficient governmental support. The authors make recommendations based on the findings to increase the adoption rate of biogas technologies in rural Pakistan.

Self-regulation is regarded as important due to its positive impact on educational and behavioural results. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore motivational determinants of self-regulated learning for postgraduate students. This study was conducted at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. A total of 202 randomly selected students were interviewed using the structured questionnaire, and collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that the determinants of internal motivation vary in their influence on students' motivation levels. The highest-ranked determinants were related to the student's belief in their capabilities, the perception of self-regulated learning as valuable, and the positive impact on self-esteem. Students perceived various positive outcomes and benefits associated with self-regulated learning. They believe it enhances their understanding, improves their grades, provides satisfaction, broadens knowledge, and motivates further learning. Students also value the ability to demonstrate their abilities to others and the opportunity to learn from mistakes. This implies that self-regulated learning seems to have a positive impact on students’ development, thus, continuous motivation is deemed important to increase the outcomes.

Risk attitude and risk perceptions are two crucial factors that could influence an individual's investment decisions. In developing countries like Pakistan, the whole society experiences different risks; however, financial risk is an essential factor affecting investors' decisions. This study used a dataset of 120 respondents collected through face-to-face interviews from two districts of Punjab province. A logit model is used to assess the impact of various socio-economic and behavioral factors on respondents' decisions to invest the borrowed money in enterprises. The findings revealed that investment in low-risk enterprises and diversification of income were the two main strategies adopted by the survey respondents. The results further revealed that health risk perception has positive while risk tolerance has a negative influence on the decision to invest in low-risk enterprises to mitigate the adverse consequences of risks. The findings also revealed that education and the adoption of diversification of income sources are positively correlated, while the perception of non-repayment and coefficient of location are negatively correlated with the adoption of diversification of income sources. Additionally, the study recommends that the Government should make sustainable and investor-friendly credit policies and educate the general public on how to use credit efficiently.

The financial risks and uncertainties undermine the capabilities of households to evade poverty traps. These uncertainties and risks cause income fluctuations and may have consequences on their livelihoods and welfare status. The households must recognize and manage these risks and uncertainties to guarantee smooth consumption at the household level. This study used a dataset of 130 households collected through face-to-face interviews from the district of Faisalabad of Punjab province in Pakistan. A logit model was employed to assess the impact of various socio-economic attributes, respondents’ risk perceptions and risk attitudes on their decisions to adopt financial risk management tools at the household level. The results revealed that the socio-economic attributes including age, education and income of the sampled households significantly influenced the decisions to adopt both the ex-ante and ex-post risk coping strategies to manage financial risks. The findings also highlighted the role of respondents’ perceptions associated with loss in business and illness of the primary breadwinner that affected respondents’ decisions to adopt risk management strategies in dealing with financial risks at the household level. The study recommends that the government and NGOs should educate the residents on how to safeguard themselves from financial risks by enabling them to use the available risk management tools more effectively.