Aligner treatment is associated with bacterial colonization, leading to enamel demineralization. Chitosan nanoparticles have been demonstrated to have antibacterial properties. This in vitro study aims to determine the effect of adding chitosan nanoparticles to directly 3D-printed clear aligner resin with regard to antibiofilm activity, cytotoxicity, degree of conversion, accuracy, deflection force, and tensile strength. Different concentrations (2%, 3%, and 5% w/w) of chitosan nanoparticles were mixed with the clear resin, and the samples were then 3D printed. Additionally, the thermoforming technique for aligner manufacturing was utilized. The obtained specimens were evaluated for antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria and cytotoxicity against L929 and 3T3 cell lines. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy via attenuated total reflection analysis was used to assess the degree of conversion. Geomagic Control X software was utilized to analyze the accuracy. In addition, the deflection force and tensile strength were evaluated. The results indicated a notable reduction in bacterial colonies when the resin was incorporated with 3 and 5% chitosan nanoparticles. No significant changes in the cytotoxicity or accuracy were detected. In conclusion, integrating biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles into the resin can add an antibiofilm element to an aligner without compromising the material’s certain biological, mechanical, and physical qualities at specific concentrations.

Objective: Periodontal disease (PD) and cognitive disorders (CDs) are common in older people, and these variables appear to be linked. The aim of this article was to assess this association using an umbrella meta‐analysis. Methods: PubMed and MEDLINE were searched for records until June 2025. The groups were compared using odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR). Results: A total of 20 meta‐analyses were included. Individuals with PD and its consequences had higher chances of having/developing all‐type CDs: periodontitis (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.37–1.97, p = < 0.0001), tooth loss (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.32–1.71, p = < 0.0001). The risk was much higher for patients with severe periodontitis: (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 2.26–3.20, p = < 0.0001). Pooled analysis for cohort studies was (RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.20–1.32, p = < 0.0001). Conclusion: PD is associated with CDs with low to moderate certainty of evidence measured by GRADE.

Background: Oral leukoplakia (OL) represents the most common oral potentially malignant disorder globally, with highly variable reported malignant transformation (MT) rates creating challenges for evidence‐based clinical management. Objective: To systematically synthesize evidence on MT prevalence in OL and evaluate potential predictive biomarkers through an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases through July 2025. Twenty‐seven systematic reviews encompassing more than 125,000 patients were included. Meta‐analyses were conducted using random‐effects models, with quality assessed using AMSTAR 2 and GRADE approaches. Results: Transformation rates were considerably higher in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (48%) than in OL (6%). Females exhibited almost twice the MT rate of males (64% vs. 35%), while tongue lesions showed the highest site‐specific risk (39%). The most promising predictive biomarker with a moderate level of evidence quality was DNA aneuploidy. Conclusions: Because of its high malignant potential, OL necessitates risk‐based surveillance protocols. While the bulk of other predictors requires further investigation, DNA aneuploidy shows potential for clinical application.

Hard palate is regarded as an important part of the human skull, which contributes to the separation of the oral and nasal cavities. The aims of the study were to investigate the morphology of the hard palate in order to create a general guideline of three-dimensional values of the palate in a Kurdish sample in the city of Sulaimani as well as determining the possible correlations between different palatal parameters in class I malocclusion with the maxillary arch form and perimeter. A retrospective study design was adopted by collecting 100 study models of orthodontic patients aged 16–24 years old attending different private dental clinics in the city of Sulaimani seeking orthodontic management. In this study, three-dimensional palatal measurements including depth, length, and width were measured in an attempt to discover their correlation with each maxillary arch form and perimeter. Additionally, measurements of inter-molar width, inter-canine width, and arch perimeter were carried out. About two-thirds of those seeking orthodontic treatment were females. Nearly 80% of the study sample had narrow palate followed by 15 and 5% of intermediate palate and broad palate, respectively. In regard to arch form, almost 90% of subjects were with tapered maxillary arch form and 10% of them with oval arch form. Males had increased dimensions compared to females, with significant differences, except in palatal depth in the molar area, and palatine height index, in which females showed increased dimensions than males but the differences were statistically non-significant. A strong positive correlation was observed between arch form and canine depth. In regard to arch perimeter, a strong negative correlation was found with molar depth and a medium positive correlation with each of canine depth, palatal width, and palatal length.

(1) Background: Accurate diagnosis and treatment plans in orthodontics were facilitated by novel technologies. The prediction of occlusal problems is of utmost importance for clinicians. This present study aimed to find any possible correlation between unilateral and bilateral palatally impacted maxillary canine, palatal dimensions, and maxillary arch perimeter using digital measurements and determine the factors that could be used as predictors for maxillary palatal canine impaction. (2) Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on cone-beam computed tomography images of orthodontic patients aged 15 to 25. Palatal dimensions and maxillary arch perimeter were digitally measured using Materialize Interactive Medical Image Control System. (3) Results: A significant difference was found between the case and the study groups regarding palatal depth, length, and arch perimeter, except for the palatal width. A weak correlation was reported in palatal depth and length with canine impaction, whereas the correlation was moderate concerning the arch perimeter. They can be used as predictors for palatal canine impaction. (4) Conclusion: Palatal dimensions and dental arch perimeter affect maxillary palatal canine impaction. Deficient arch perimeter, palatal depth, and length could be helpful in the prediction of maxillary palatal canine impaction.

Objective. To evaluate the in vivo tooth volume through VRMesh and 3Matic programs and to compare the measurements to the physical volume. So, the aim of the study was to ensure the reliability and sensitivity of the three‐dimensional software (VRMesh and 3Matic) in measuring tooth volume. Material and Methods. The volume of 26 extracted upper first premolars from orthodontic patients who had CBCT before orthodontic treatment were measured. Two different commercial programs, which were VRMesh and 3Matic, were used to calculate the volume of the segmented upper first premolar from CBCT. The in vivo tooth volume was compared to the physical tooth volume to examine the accuracy of the two software in measuring the tooth volume. Results. The difference between the mean of the in vivo and in vitro tooth volume measurements was too small, making it clinically nonsignificant. ANOVA test was used as a statistical tool, and no statistically significant difference was noticed among the measurements. The values were normally distributed when tested for normality by Kolmogorov‐Smirnov and Shapiro‐Wilk test. P value less than or equal to 0.05 (P ≤ 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Conclusion. The assessment of the in vivo tooth volume measurement with different three‐dimensional imaging software (VRMesh and 3Matic) programs in comparison with the tooth physical volume is reliable. The use of a mouse pen during the refining stage of the segmentation may have increased the accuracy of the procedure. The determined in vivo tooth volumes are dependable and can be applied in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.