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Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) are capable of causing a range of diseases from the common cold to pneumonia. We evaluated the epidemiology and seasonality of endemic HCoVs in children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls living in countries with a high HIV burden, namely South Africa and Zambia, between August 2011 to October 2013. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from all cases and controls and tested for endemic HCoV species and 12 other respiratory viruses using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. We found that the likelihood of detecting endemic HCoV species was higher among asymptomatic controls than cases (11% vs. 7.2%; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0). This was however only observed among children > 6 months and was mainly driven by the Betacoronavirus endemic species (HCoV-OC43 and –HKU1). Endemic HCoV species were detected through the year; however, in Zambia, the endemic Betacoronavirus species tended to peak during the winter months (May–August). There was no association between HIV status and endemic HCoV detection.
Vicky Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Daniel Park; Donald Thea; Geoffrey Kwenda; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Shabir Madhi. Epidemiology and Seasonality of Endemic Human Coronaviruses in South African and Zambian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Study. Viruses 2021, 13, 1513 .
AMA StyleVicky Baillie, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Daniel Park, Donald Thea, Geoffrey Kwenda, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Shabir Madhi. Epidemiology and Seasonality of Endemic Human Coronaviruses in South African and Zambian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Study. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicky Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Daniel Park; Donald Thea; Geoffrey Kwenda; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Shabir Madhi. 2021. "Epidemiology and Seasonality of Endemic Human Coronaviruses in South African and Zambian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Study." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1513.
Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1–59 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3–1.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12–59 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8–2.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4–2.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (>75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.
Vicky Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Henry Baggett; Abdullah Brooks; Daniel Feikin; Laura Hammitt; Stephen Howie; Maria Knoll; Karen Kotloff; Orin Levine; Katherine O’Brien; Anthony Scott; Donald Thea; Martin Antonio; Juliet Awori; Amanda Driscoll; Nicholas Fancourt; Melissa Higdon; Ruth Karron; Susan Morpeth; Justin Mulindwa; David Murdoch; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Mohammed Rahman; Mustafizur Rahman; Rasheed Salaudeen; Pongpun Sawatwong; Somwe Somwe; Samba Sow; Milagritos Tapia; Eric Simões; Shabir Madhi. Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study. Viruses 2021, 13, 1249 .
AMA StyleVicky Baillie, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Henry Baggett, Abdullah Brooks, Daniel Feikin, Laura Hammitt, Stephen Howie, Maria Knoll, Karen Kotloff, Orin Levine, Katherine O’Brien, Anthony Scott, Donald Thea, Martin Antonio, Juliet Awori, Amanda Driscoll, Nicholas Fancourt, Melissa Higdon, Ruth Karron, Susan Morpeth, Justin Mulindwa, David Murdoch, Daniel Park, Christine Prosperi, Mohammed Rahman, Mustafizur Rahman, Rasheed Salaudeen, Pongpun Sawatwong, Somwe Somwe, Samba Sow, Milagritos Tapia, Eric Simões, Shabir Madhi. Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicky Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Henry Baggett; Abdullah Brooks; Daniel Feikin; Laura Hammitt; Stephen Howie; Maria Knoll; Karen Kotloff; Orin Levine; Katherine O’Brien; Anthony Scott; Donald Thea; Martin Antonio; Juliet Awori; Amanda Driscoll; Nicholas Fancourt; Melissa Higdon; Ruth Karron; Susan Morpeth; Justin Mulindwa; David Murdoch; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Mohammed Rahman; Mustafizur Rahman; Rasheed Salaudeen; Pongpun Sawatwong; Somwe Somwe; Samba Sow; Milagritos Tapia; Eric Simões; Shabir Madhi. 2021. "Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1249.
Background Assessing safety and efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines in different populations is essential, as is investigation of efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including the B.1.351 (501Y.V2) variant first identified in South Africa. Methods We conducted a randomized multicentre, double blinded controlled trial on safety and efficacy of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 in HIV-uninfected people in South Africa. Participants age 18 to <65 years randomized (1:1) to two doses of vaccine containing 5×1010viral particles or placebo (0.9%NaCl) 21-35 days apart. Post 2nd-dose serum samples (n=25) were tested by pseudotyped (PSVNA) and live virus (LVNA) neutralization assays against the D614G and B.1.351 variants. Primary endpoints were safety and vaccine efficacy (VE) >14 days following second dose against laboratory confirmed symptomatic Covid-19. Results 2026 HIV-uninfected adults were enrolled between June 24thand Nov 9th, 2020; 1010 and 1011 received at least one dose of placebo or vaccine, respectively. Median age was 31 years. The B.1.351 variant showed increased resistance to vaccinee sera using the PSVNA and LVNA. In the primary endpoint analysis, 23/717 (3.2%) placebo and 19/750 (2.5%) vaccine recipients developed mild-moderate Covid-19; VE 21.9% (95%Confidence Interval: −49.9; 59.8). Of the primary endpoint cases, 39/42 (92.9%) were the B.1.351 variant; against which VE was 10.4% (95%CI: −76.8; 54.8) analyzed as a secondary objective. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups. Conclusions A two-dose regimen of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 did not show protection against mild-moderate Covid-19 due to B.1.351 variant, however, VE against severe Covid-19 is undetermined. (Funded by The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and South African Medical Research Council; ClinicalTrails.gov number,NCT04444674).
Shabir A. Madhi; Vicky Baillie; Clare L. Cutland; Merryn Voysey; Anthonet L. Koen; Lee Fairlie; Sherman D. Padayachee; Keertan Dheda; Shaun L. Barnabas; Qasim Ebrahim Bhorat; Carmen Briner; Gaurav Kwatra; Khatija Ahmed; Parvinder Aley; Sutika Bhikha; Jinal N. Bhiman; As’Ad Ebrahim Bhorat; Jeanine du Plessis; Aliasgar Esmail; Marisa Groenewald; Elizea Horne; Shi-Hsia Hwa; Aylin Jose; Teresa Lambe; Matt Laubscher; Mookho Malahleha; Masebole Masenya; Mduduzi Masilela; Shakeel McKenzie; Kgaogelo Molapo; Andrew Moultrie; Suzette Oelofse; Faeezah Patel; Sureshnee Pillay; Sarah Rhead; Hylton Rodel; Lindie Rossouw; Carol Taoushanis; Houriiyah Tegally; Asha Thombrayil; Samuel van Eck; Constantinos Kurt Wibmer; Nicholas M. Durham; Elizabeth J Kelly; Tonya L Villafana; Sarah Gilbert; Andrew J Pollard; Tulio de Oliveira; Penny L. Moore; Alex Sigal; Alane Izu; Ngs- Sa; Wits-Vida Covid Team. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant in South Africa. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleShabir A. Madhi, Vicky Baillie, Clare L. Cutland, Merryn Voysey, Anthonet L. Koen, Lee Fairlie, Sherman D. Padayachee, Keertan Dheda, Shaun L. Barnabas, Qasim Ebrahim Bhorat, Carmen Briner, Gaurav Kwatra, Khatija Ahmed, Parvinder Aley, Sutika Bhikha, Jinal N. Bhiman, As’Ad Ebrahim Bhorat, Jeanine du Plessis, Aliasgar Esmail, Marisa Groenewald, Elizea Horne, Shi-Hsia Hwa, Aylin Jose, Teresa Lambe, Matt Laubscher, Mookho Malahleha, Masebole Masenya, Mduduzi Masilela, Shakeel McKenzie, Kgaogelo Molapo, Andrew Moultrie, Suzette Oelofse, Faeezah Patel, Sureshnee Pillay, Sarah Rhead, Hylton Rodel, Lindie Rossouw, Carol Taoushanis, Houriiyah Tegally, Asha Thombrayil, Samuel van Eck, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Nicholas M. Durham, Elizabeth J Kelly, Tonya L Villafana, Sarah Gilbert, Andrew J Pollard, Tulio de Oliveira, Penny L. Moore, Alex Sigal, Alane Izu, Ngs- Sa, Wits-Vida Covid Team. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant in South Africa. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShabir A. Madhi; Vicky Baillie; Clare L. Cutland; Merryn Voysey; Anthonet L. Koen; Lee Fairlie; Sherman D. Padayachee; Keertan Dheda; Shaun L. Barnabas; Qasim Ebrahim Bhorat; Carmen Briner; Gaurav Kwatra; Khatija Ahmed; Parvinder Aley; Sutika Bhikha; Jinal N. Bhiman; As’Ad Ebrahim Bhorat; Jeanine du Plessis; Aliasgar Esmail; Marisa Groenewald; Elizea Horne; Shi-Hsia Hwa; Aylin Jose; Teresa Lambe; Matt Laubscher; Mookho Malahleha; Masebole Masenya; Mduduzi Masilela; Shakeel McKenzie; Kgaogelo Molapo; Andrew Moultrie; Suzette Oelofse; Faeezah Patel; Sureshnee Pillay; Sarah Rhead; Hylton Rodel; Lindie Rossouw; Carol Taoushanis; Houriiyah Tegally; Asha Thombrayil; Samuel van Eck; Constantinos Kurt Wibmer; Nicholas M. Durham; Elizabeth J Kelly; Tonya L Villafana; Sarah Gilbert; Andrew J Pollard; Tulio de Oliveira; Penny L. Moore; Alex Sigal; Alane Izu; Ngs- Sa; Wits-Vida Covid Team. 2021. "Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant in South Africa." , no. : 1.
Rhinovirus (RV) role in pathogenesis of severe childhood disease remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association between RV molecular subtyping, nasopharyngeal viral loads and viremia with childhood pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal and blood samples from cases and controls were tested for RV and the 5′ non-coding region sequenced. The cases compared to controls had a similar prevalence of RV detection in the nasopharynx (23 % vs. 22 %, P = 0.66), similar RV species distribution (A, B, C = 44 %, 8%, 44 % vs. 48 %, 7%, 38 %; respectively; P = 0.66) and similar viral load (4.0 and 3.7 log10 copies/mL, P = 0.062). However, RV-viremia was 4.01-fold (aOR 95 % CI: 1.26–12.78) more prevalent among cases (7%) than controls (2%), P = 0.019. Furthermore, among cases and controls RV-C was more commonly associated with viremia (14 % and 4%, P = 0.023), than RV-A (2% and 1%; P = 0.529). Thus RV-viremia could be used as a measure for attributing causality to RV in children hospitalized for pneumonia.
Vicky L. Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Palesa Morailane; Eric A.F. Simões; Shabir A. Madhi. A prospective case-control study on the association of Rhinovirus nasopharyngeal viral load and viremia in South African children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020, 125, 104288 .
AMA StyleVicky L. Baillie, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Palesa Morailane, Eric A.F. Simões, Shabir A. Madhi. A prospective case-control study on the association of Rhinovirus nasopharyngeal viral load and viremia in South African children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2020; 125 ():104288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicky L. Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Palesa Morailane; Eric A.F. Simões; Shabir A. Madhi. 2020. "A prospective case-control study on the association of Rhinovirus nasopharyngeal viral load and viremia in South African children hospitalized with severe pneumonia." Journal of Clinical Virology 125, no. : 104288.
Postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a potential alternative to the gold standard complete diagnostic autopsy for identifying specific causes of childhood deaths. We investigated the utility of MITS, interpreted with available clinical data, for attributing underlying and immediate causes of neonatal deaths. This prospective, observational pilot study enrolled neonatal deaths at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto, South Africa. The MITS included needle core-biopsy sampling for histopathology of brain, lung, and liver tissue. Microbiological culture and/or molecular tests were performed on lung, liver, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool samples. The "underlying" and "immediate" causes of death (CoD) were determined for each case by an international panel of 12-15 medical specialists. We enrolled 153 neonatal deaths, 106 aged 3-28 days. Leading underlying CoD included "complications of prematurity" (52.9%), "complications of intrapartum events" (15.0%), "congenital malformations" (13.1%), and "infection related" (9.8%). Overall, infections were the immediate or underlying CoD in 57.5% (n = 88) of all neonatal deaths, including the immediate CoD in 70.4% (58/81) of neonates with "complications of prematurity" as the underlying cause. Overall, 74.4% of 90 infection-related deaths were hospital acquired, mainly due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (20.9%). Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common pathogen (5/15 [33.3%]) among deaths with "infections" as the underlying cause. MITS has potential to address the knowledge gap on specific causes of neonatal mortality. In our setting, this included the hitherto underrecognized dominant role of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant bacterial infections as the leading immediate cause of neonatal deaths.
Shabir A Madhi; Jayani Pathirana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Alane Izu; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Roosecelis B Martines; Firdose L Nakwa; Susan Nzenze; Jaume Ordi; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Fatima Solomon; Sithembiso Velaphi; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Richard Chawana. Unraveling Specific Causes of Neonatal Mortality Using Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling: An Observational Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019, 69, S351 -S360.
AMA StyleShabir A Madhi, Jayani Pathirana, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Alane Izu, Quique Bassat, Dianna M Blau, Robert F Breiman, Martin Hale, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Roosecelis B Martines, Firdose L Nakwa, Susan Nzenze, Jaume Ordi, Pratima L Raghunathan, Jana M Ritter, Fatima Solomon, Sithembiso Velaphi, Jeannette Wadula, Sherif R Zaki, Richard Chawana. Unraveling Specific Causes of Neonatal Mortality Using Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling: An Observational Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019; 69 (Supplement):S351-S360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShabir A Madhi; Jayani Pathirana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Alane Izu; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Roosecelis B Martines; Firdose L Nakwa; Susan Nzenze; Jaume Ordi; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Fatima Solomon; Sithembiso Velaphi; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Richard Chawana. 2019. "Unraveling Specific Causes of Neonatal Mortality Using Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling: An Observational Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. Supplement: S351-S360.
Despite approximately 2.6 million stillbirths occurring annually, there is a paucity of systematic biological investigation and consequently knowledge on the causes of these deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We investigated the utility of minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), placental examination, and clinical history, in attributing the causes of stillbirth in a South African LMIC setting. This prospective, observational pilot study undertook sampling of brain, lung, and liver tissue using core biopsy needles, blood and cerebrospinal fluid collection, and placental examination. Testing included microbial culture and/or molecular testing and tissue histological examination. The cause of death was determined for each case by an international panel of medical specialists and categorized using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision application to perinatal deaths. A cause of stillbirth was identifiable for 117 of 129 (90.7%) stillbirths, including an underlying maternal cause in 63.4% (n = 83) and an immediate fetal cause in 79.1% (n = 102) of cases. The leading underlying causes of stillbirth were maternal hypertensive disorders (16.3%), placental separation and hemorrhage (14.0%), and chorioamnionitis (10.9%). The leading immediate causes of fetal death were antepartum hypoxia (35.7%) and fetal infection (37.2%), including due to Escherichia coli (16.3%), Enterococcus species (3.9%), and group B Streptococcus (3.1%). In this pilot, proof-of-concept study, focused investigation of stillbirth provided granular detail on the causes thereof in an LMIC setting, including provisionally highlighting the largely underrecognized role of fetal sepsis as a dominant cause.
Shabir A Madhi; Jayani Pathirana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Clare Cutland; Yasmin Adam; Alane Izu; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Siobhan Johnstone; Roosecelis B Martines; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Susan Nzenze; Jaume Ordi; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Fatima Solomon; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Richard Chawana. An Observational Pilot Study Evaluating the Utility of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling to Determine the Cause of Stillbirths in South African Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019, 69, S342 -S350.
AMA StyleShabir A Madhi, Jayani Pathirana, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Clare Cutland, Yasmin Adam, Alane Izu, Quique Bassat, Dianna M Blau, Robert F Breiman, Martin Hale, Siobhan Johnstone, Roosecelis B Martines, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Susan Nzenze, Jaume Ordi, Pratima L Raghunathan, Jana M Ritter, Fatima Solomon, Jeannette Wadula, Sherif R Zaki, Richard Chawana. An Observational Pilot Study Evaluating the Utility of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling to Determine the Cause of Stillbirths in South African Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019; 69 (Supplement):S342-S350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShabir A Madhi; Jayani Pathirana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Clare Cutland; Yasmin Adam; Alane Izu; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Siobhan Johnstone; Roosecelis B Martines; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Susan Nzenze; Jaume Ordi; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Fatima Solomon; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Richard Chawana. 2019. "An Observational Pilot Study Evaluating the Utility of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling to Determine the Cause of Stillbirths in South African Women." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. Supplement: S342-S350.
Current estimates for causes of childhood deaths are mainly premised on modeling of vital registration and limited verbal autopsy data and generally only characterize the underlying cause of death (CoD). We investigated the potential of minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) for ascertaining the underlying and immediate CoD in children 1 month to 14 years of age. MITS included postmortem tissue biopsies of brain, liver, and lung for histopathology examination; microbial culture of blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), liver, and lung samples; and molecular microbial testing on blood, CSF, lung, and rectal swabs. Each case was individually adjudicated for underlying, antecedent, and immediate CoD by an international multidisciplinary team of medical experts and coded using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). An underlying CoD was determined for 99% of 127 cases, leading causes being congenital malformations (18.9%), complications of prematurity (14.2%), human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (12.6%), diarrheal disease (8.7%), acute respiratory infections (7.9%), injuries (7.9%), and malignancies (7.1%). The main immediate CoD was pneumonia, sepsis, and diarrhea in 33.9%, 19.7%, and 10.2% of cases, respectively. Infection-related deaths were either an underlying or immediate CoD in 78.0% of cases. Community-acquired pneumonia deaths (n = 32) were attributed to respiratory syncytial virus (21.9%), Pneumocystis jirovecii (18.8%), cytomegalovirus (15.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.6%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (12.5%). Seventy-one percent of 24 sepsis deaths were hospital-acquired, mainly due to Acinetobacter baumannii (47.1%) and K. pneumoniae (35.3%). Sixty-two percent of cases were malnourished. MITS, coupled with antemortem clinical information, provides detailed insight into causes of childhood deaths that could be informative for prioritization of strategies aimed at reducing under-5 mortality.
Richard Chawana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Alane Izu; Fatima Solomon; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Eric R Houpt; Sanjay G Lala; Roosecelis B Martines; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Susan Nzenze; Jayani Pathirana; Karen L Petersen; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Shabir A Madhi. Potential of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling for Attributing Specific Causes of Childhood Deaths in South Africa: A Pilot, Epidemiological Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019, 69, S361 -S373.
AMA StyleRichard Chawana, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Alane Izu, Fatima Solomon, Quique Bassat, Dianna M Blau, Robert F Breiman, Martin Hale, Eric R Houpt, Sanjay G Lala, Roosecelis B Martines, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Susan Nzenze, Jayani Pathirana, Karen L Petersen, Pratima L Raghunathan, Jana M Ritter, Jeannette Wadula, Sherif R Zaki, Shabir A Madhi. Potential of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling for Attributing Specific Causes of Childhood Deaths in South Africa: A Pilot, Epidemiological Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019; 69 (Supplement):S361-S373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Chawana; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Alane Izu; Fatima Solomon; Quique Bassat; Dianna M Blau; Robert F Breiman; Martin Hale; Eric R Houpt; Sanjay G Lala; Roosecelis B Martines; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Susan Nzenze; Jayani Pathirana; Karen L Petersen; Pratima L Raghunathan; Jana M Ritter; Jeannette Wadula; Sherif R Zaki; Shabir A Madhi. 2019. "Potential of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling for Attributing Specific Causes of Childhood Deaths in South Africa: A Pilot, Epidemiological Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. Supplement: S361-S373.
The pathogenesis of human rhinovirus (HRV) during severe respiratory disease remains undefined; thus, we aimed to explore the relationship between the HRV molecular subtyping results obtained during severe and asymptomatic childhood infections. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs from children (1 to 59 months of age) hospitalized with pneumonia and from age-frequency-matched controls were collected between August 2011 and August 2013.
Vicky L. Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Palesa Morailane; Eric A. F. Simões; Shabir A. Madhi. Molecular Subtyping of Human Rhinovirus in Children from Three Sub-Saharan African Countries. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2019, 57, e00723-19 .
AMA StyleVicky L. Baillie, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Palesa Morailane, Eric A. F. Simões, Shabir A. Madhi. Molecular Subtyping of Human Rhinovirus in Children from Three Sub-Saharan African Countries. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2019; 57 (9):e00723-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicky L. Baillie; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mathunjwa; Palesa Morailane; Eric A. F. Simões; Shabir A. Madhi. 2019. "Molecular Subtyping of Human Rhinovirus in Children from Three Sub-Saharan African Countries." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 57, no. 9: e00723-19.
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in young children (<5 years) and older people (≥65 years). A global report of the monthly activity of these viruses is needed to inform public health strategies and programmes for their control. In this systematic analysis, we compiled data from a systematic literature review of studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2017; online datasets; and unpublished research data. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported laboratory-confirmed incidence data of human infection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or metapneumovirus, or a combination of these, for at least 12 consecutive months (or 52 weeks equivalent); stable testing practice throughout all years reported; virus results among residents in well-defined geographical locations; and aggregated virus results at least on a monthly basis. Data were extracted through a three-stage process, from which we calculated monthly annual average percentage (AAP) as the relative strength of virus activity. We defined duration of epidemics as the minimum number of months to account for 75% of annual positive samples, with each component month defined as an epidemic month. Furthermore, we modelled monthly AAP of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus using site-specific temperature and relative humidity for the prediction of local average epidemic months. We also predicted global epidemic months of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus on a 5° by 5° grid. The systematic review in this study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018091628. We initally identified 37 335 eligible studies. Of 21 065 studies remaining after exclusion of duplicates, 1081 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 185 were identified as eligible. We included 246 sites for influenza virus, 183 sites for respiratory syncytial virus, 83 sites for parainfluenza virus, and 65 sites for metapneumovirus. Influenza virus had clear seasonal epidemics in winter months in most temperate sites but timing of epidemics was more variable and less seasonal with decreasing distance from the equator. Unlike influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus had clear seasonal epidemics in both temperate and tropical regions, starting in late summer months in the tropics of each hemisphere, reaching most temperate sites in winter months. In most temperate sites, influenza virus epidemics occurred later than respiratory syncytial virus (by 0·3 months [95% CI -0·3 to 0·9]) while no clear temporal order was observed in the tropics. Parainfluenza virus epidemics were found mostly in spring and early summer months in each hemisphere. Metapneumovirus epidemics occurred in late winter and spring in most temperate sites but the timing of epidemics was more diverse in the tropics. Influenza virus epidemics had shorter duration (3·8 months [3·6 to 4·0]) in temperate sites and longer duration (5·2 months [4·9 to 5·5]) in the tropics. Duration of epidemics was similar across all sites for respiratory syncytial virus (4·6 months [4·3 to 4·8]), as it was for metapneumovirus (4·8 months [4·4 to 5·1]). By comparison, parainfluenza virus had longer duration of epidemics (6·3 months [6·0 to 6·7]). Our model had good predictability in the average epidemic months of influenza virus in temperate regions and respiratory syncytial virus in both temperate and tropical regions. Through leave-one-out cross validation, the overall prediction error in the onset of epidemics was within 1 month (influenza virus -0·2 months [-0·6 to 0·1]; respiratory syncytial virus 0·1 months [-0·2 to 0·4]). This study is the first to provide global representations of month-by-month activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus. Our model is helpful in predicting the local onset month of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. The seasonality information has important implications for health services planning, the timing of respiratory syncytial virus passive prophylaxis, and the strategy of influenza virus and future respiratory syncytial virus vaccination. European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative Respiratory Syncytial Virus Consortium in Europe (RESCEU).
You Li; Rachel M Reeves; Xin Wang; Quique Bassat; W Abdullah Brooks; Cheryl Cohen; David Moore; Marta Nunes; Barbara Rath; Harry Campbell; Harish Nair; Sozinho Acacio; Wladimir Alonso; Martin Antonio; Guadalupe Ayora Talavera; Darmaa Badarch; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Gisela Barrera-Badillo; Godfrey Bigogo; Shobha Broor; Dana Bruden; Philippe Buchy; Peter Byass; James Chipeta; Wilfrido Clara; Duc-Anh Dang; Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato; Menno de Jong; José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez; Lien Anh Ha Do; Rodrigo A Fasce; Luzhao Feng; Mark J Ferson; Angela Gentile; Bradford D Gessner; Doli Goswami; Sophie Goyet; Carlos Grijalva; Natasha Halasa; Orienka Hellferscee; Danielle Hessong; Nusrat Homaira; Jorge Jara; Kathleen Kahn; Najwa Khuri-Bulos; Karen L Kotloff; Claudio F Lanata; Olga Lopez; Maria Renee Lopez Bolaños; Marilla G Lucero; Florencia Lucion; Socorro P Lupisan; Shabir A Madhi; Omphile Mekgoe; Cinta Moraleda; Jocelyn Moyes; Kim Mulholland; Patrick K Munywoki; Fathima Naby; Thanh Hung Nguyen; Mark Nicol; D James Nokes; Daniel E Noyola; Daisuke Onozuka; Nandhini Palani; Yong Poovorawan; Mustafizur Rahman; Kaat Ramaekers; Candice Romero; Elizabeth P Schlaudecker; Brunhilde Schweiger; Phil Seidenberg; Eric A F Simoes; Rosalyn Singleton; Sujatha Sistla; Katharine Sturm-Ramirez; Nungruthai Suntronwong; Agustinus Sutanto; Milagritos D Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Ilada Thongpan; L Gayani Tillekeratne; Yeny O Tinoco; Florette K Treurnicht; Claudia Turner; Paul Turner; H Rogier van Doorn; Marc Van Ranst; Benoit Visseaux; Sunthareeya Waicharoen; Jianwei Wang; Laymyint Yoshida; Heather Zar. Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2019, 7, e1031 -e1045.
AMA StyleYou Li, Rachel M Reeves, Xin Wang, Quique Bassat, W Abdullah Brooks, Cheryl Cohen, David Moore, Marta Nunes, Barbara Rath, Harry Campbell, Harish Nair, Sozinho Acacio, Wladimir Alonso, Martin Antonio, Guadalupe Ayora Talavera, Darmaa Badarch, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Gisela Barrera-Badillo, Godfrey Bigogo, Shobha Broor, Dana Bruden, Philippe Buchy, Peter Byass, James Chipeta, Wilfrido Clara, Duc-Anh Dang, Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Menno de Jong, José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez, Lien Anh Ha Do, Rodrigo A Fasce, Luzhao Feng, Mark J Ferson, Angela Gentile, Bradford D Gessner, Doli Goswami, Sophie Goyet, Carlos Grijalva, Natasha Halasa, Orienka Hellferscee, Danielle Hessong, Nusrat Homaira, Jorge Jara, Kathleen Kahn, Najwa Khuri-Bulos, Karen L Kotloff, Claudio F Lanata, Olga Lopez, Maria Renee Lopez Bolaños, Marilla G Lucero, Florencia Lucion, Socorro P Lupisan, Shabir A Madhi, Omphile Mekgoe, Cinta Moraleda, Jocelyn Moyes, Kim Mulholland, Patrick K Munywoki, Fathima Naby, Thanh Hung Nguyen, Mark Nicol, D James Nokes, Daniel E Noyola, Daisuke Onozuka, Nandhini Palani, Yong Poovorawan, Mustafizur Rahman, Kaat Ramaekers, Candice Romero, Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Brunhilde Schweiger, Phil Seidenberg, Eric A F Simoes, Rosalyn Singleton, Sujatha Sistla, Katharine Sturm-Ramirez, Nungruthai Suntronwong, Agustinus Sutanto, Milagritos D Tapia, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Ilada Thongpan, L Gayani Tillekeratne, Yeny O Tinoco, Florette K Treurnicht, Claudia Turner, Paul Turner, H Rogier van Doorn, Marc Van Ranst, Benoit Visseaux, Sunthareeya Waicharoen, Jianwei Wang, Laymyint Yoshida, Heather Zar. Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2019; 7 (8):e1031-e1045.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou Li; Rachel M Reeves; Xin Wang; Quique Bassat; W Abdullah Brooks; Cheryl Cohen; David Moore; Marta Nunes; Barbara Rath; Harry Campbell; Harish Nair; Sozinho Acacio; Wladimir Alonso; Martin Antonio; Guadalupe Ayora Talavera; Darmaa Badarch; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Gisela Barrera-Badillo; Godfrey Bigogo; Shobha Broor; Dana Bruden; Philippe Buchy; Peter Byass; James Chipeta; Wilfrido Clara; Duc-Anh Dang; Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato; Menno de Jong; José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez; Lien Anh Ha Do; Rodrigo A Fasce; Luzhao Feng; Mark J Ferson; Angela Gentile; Bradford D Gessner; Doli Goswami; Sophie Goyet; Carlos Grijalva; Natasha Halasa; Orienka Hellferscee; Danielle Hessong; Nusrat Homaira; Jorge Jara; Kathleen Kahn; Najwa Khuri-Bulos; Karen L Kotloff; Claudio F Lanata; Olga Lopez; Maria Renee Lopez Bolaños; Marilla G Lucero; Florencia Lucion; Socorro P Lupisan; Shabir A Madhi; Omphile Mekgoe; Cinta Moraleda; Jocelyn Moyes; Kim Mulholland; Patrick K Munywoki; Fathima Naby; Thanh Hung Nguyen; Mark Nicol; D James Nokes; Daniel E Noyola; Daisuke Onozuka; Nandhini Palani; Yong Poovorawan; Mustafizur Rahman; Kaat Ramaekers; Candice Romero; Elizabeth P Schlaudecker; Brunhilde Schweiger; Phil Seidenberg; Eric A F Simoes; Rosalyn Singleton; Sujatha Sistla; Katharine Sturm-Ramirez; Nungruthai Suntronwong; Agustinus Sutanto; Milagritos D Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Ilada Thongpan; L Gayani Tillekeratne; Yeny O Tinoco; Florette K Treurnicht; Claudia Turner; Paul Turner; H Rogier van Doorn; Marc Van Ranst; Benoit Visseaux; Sunthareeya Waicharoen; Jianwei Wang; Laymyint Yoshida; Heather Zar. 2019. "Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis." The Lancet Global Health 7, no. 8: e1031-e1045.
Summary Background Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children younger than 5 years. In this study, we estimated causes of pneumonia in young African and Asian children, using novel analytical methods applied to clinical and microbiological findings. Methods We did a multi-site, international case-control study in nine study sites in seven countries: Bangladesh, The Gambia, Kenya, Mali, South Africa, Thailand, and Zambia. All sites enrolled in the study for 24 months. Cases were children aged 1–59 months admitted to hospital with severe pneumonia. Controls were age-group-matched children randomly selected from communities surrounding study sites. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP-OP), urine, blood, induced sputum, lung aspirate, pleural fluid, and gastric aspirates were tested with cultures, multiplex PCR, or both. Primary analyses were restricted to cases without HIV infection and with abnormal chest x-rays and to controls without HIV infection. We applied a Bayesian, partial latent class analysis to estimate probabilities of aetiological agents at the individual and population level, incorporating case and control data. Findings Between Aug 15, 2011, and Jan 30, 2014, we enrolled 4232 cases and 5119 community controls. The primary analysis group was comprised of 1769 (41·8% of 4232) cases without HIV infection and with positive chest x-rays and 5102 (99·7% of 5119) community controls without HIV infection. Wheezing was present in 555 (31·7%) of 1752 cases (range by site 10·6–97·3%). 30-day case-fatality ratio was 6·4% (114 of 1769 cases). Blood cultures were positive in 56 (3·2%) of 1749 cases, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacteria isolated (19 [33·9%] of 56). Almost all cases (98·9%) and controls (98·0%) had at least one pathogen detected by PCR in the NP-OP specimen. The detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, S pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), H influenzae non-type b, and Pneumocystis jirovecii in NP-OP specimens was associated with case status. The aetiology analysis estimated that viruses accounted for 61·4% (95% credible interval [CrI] 57·3–65·6) of causes, whereas bacteria accounted for 27·3% (23·3–31·6) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis for 5·9% (3·9–8·3). Viruses were less common (54·5%, 95% CrI 47·4–61·5 vs 68·0%, 62·7–72·7) and bacteria more common (33·7%, 27·2–40·8 vs 22·8%, 18·3–27·6) in very severe pneumonia cases than in severe cases. RSV had the greatest aetiological fraction (31·1%, 95% CrI 28·4–34·2) of all pathogens. Human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus A or B, human parainfluenza virus, S pneumoniae, M tuberculosis, and H influenzae each accounted for 5% or more of the aetiological distribution. We observed differences in aetiological fraction by age for Bordetella pertussis, parainfluenza types 1 and 3, parechovirus–enterovirus, P jirovecii, RSV, rhinovirus, Staphylococcus aureus, and S pneumoniae, and differences by severity for RSV, S aureus, S pneumoniae, and parainfluenza type 3. The leading ten pathogens of each site accounted for 79% or more of the site's aetiological fraction. Interpretation In our study, a small set of pathogens accounted for most cases of pneumonia requiring hospital admission. Preventing and treating a subset of pathogens could substantially affect childhood pneumonia outcomes. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Katherine L. O'Brien; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Melissa M. Higdon; Stephen R.C. Howie; Maria Deloria Knoll; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; David R. Murdoch; Christine Prosperi; J. Anthony G. Scott; Qiyuan Shi; Donald M. Thea; Zhenke Wu; Scott L. Zeger; Peter V. Adrian; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Trevor P. Anderson; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky L. Baillie; Charatdao Bunthi; James Chipeta; Mohammod Jobayer Chisti; Jane Crawley; Andrea N. DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Hubert P. Endtz; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; Doli Goswami; Michelle J. Groome; Meredith Haddix; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Alice Kamau; Ruth A. Karron; Sidi Kazungu; Nana Kourouma; Locadiah Kuwanda; Geoffrey Kwenda; Mengying Li; Eunice M. Machuka; Grant Mackenzie; Nasreen Mahomed; Susan A. Maloney; Jessica L. McLellan; JoAnne L. Mitchell; David P. Moore; Susan C. Morpeth; Azwifarwi Mudau; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Mwansa; Micah Silaba Ominde; Uma Onwuchekwa; Daniel E. Park; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Phil Seidenberg; Arifin Shamsul; Eric A.F. Simões; Seydou Sissoko; Somwe Wa Somwe; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Milagritos D. Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Aliou Toure; Nora L. Watson; Khalequ Zaman; Syed M.A. Zaman. Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study. The Lancet 2019, 394, 757 -779.
AMA StyleKatherine L. O'Brien, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Daniel R. Feikin, Laura L. Hammitt, Melissa M. Higdon, Stephen R.C. Howie, Maria Deloria Knoll, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, David R. Murdoch, Christine Prosperi, J. Anthony G. Scott, Qiyuan Shi, Donald M. Thea, Zhenke Wu, Scott L. Zeger, Peter V. Adrian, Pasakorn Akarasewi, Trevor P. Anderson, Martin Antonio, Juliet O. Awori, Vicky L. Baillie, Charatdao Bunthi, James Chipeta, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Jane Crawley, Andrea N. DeLuca, Amanda J. Driscoll, Bernard E. Ebruke, Hubert P. Endtz, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, Doli Goswami, Michelle J. Groome, Meredith Haddix, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Alice Kamau, Ruth A. Karron, Sidi Kazungu, Nana Kourouma, Locadiah Kuwanda, Geoffrey Kwenda, Mengying Li, Eunice M. Machuka, Grant Mackenzie, Nasreen Mahomed, Susan A. Maloney, Jessica L. McLellan, JoAnne L. Mitchell, David P. Moore, Susan C. Morpeth, Azwifarwi Mudau, Lawrence Mwananyanda, James Mwansa, Micah Silaba Ominde, Uma Onwuchekwa, Daniel E. Park, Julia Rhodes, Pongpun Sawatwong, Phil Seidenberg, Arifin Shamsul, Eric A.F. Simões, Seydou Sissoko, Somwe Wa Somwe, Samba O. Sow, Mamadou Sylla, Boubou Tamboura, Milagritos D. Tapia, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Aliou Toure, Nora L. Watson, Khalequ Zaman, Syed M.A. Zaman. Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study. The Lancet. 2019; 394 (10200):757-779.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatherine L. O'Brien; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Melissa M. Higdon; Stephen R.C. Howie; Maria Deloria Knoll; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; David R. Murdoch; Christine Prosperi; J. Anthony G. Scott; Qiyuan Shi; Donald M. Thea; Zhenke Wu; Scott L. Zeger; Peter V. Adrian; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Trevor P. Anderson; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky L. Baillie; Charatdao Bunthi; James Chipeta; Mohammod Jobayer Chisti; Jane Crawley; Andrea N. DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Hubert P. Endtz; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; Doli Goswami; Michelle J. Groome; Meredith Haddix; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Alice Kamau; Ruth A. Karron; Sidi Kazungu; Nana Kourouma; Locadiah Kuwanda; Geoffrey Kwenda; Mengying Li; Eunice M. Machuka; Grant Mackenzie; Nasreen Mahomed; Susan A. Maloney; Jessica L. McLellan; JoAnne L. Mitchell; David P. Moore; Susan C. Morpeth; Azwifarwi Mudau; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Mwansa; Micah Silaba Ominde; Uma Onwuchekwa; Daniel E. Park; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Phil Seidenberg; Arifin Shamsul; Eric A.F. Simões; Seydou Sissoko; Somwe Wa Somwe; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Milagritos D. Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Aliou Toure; Nora L. Watson; Khalequ Zaman; Syed M.A. Zaman. 2019. "Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study." The Lancet 394, no. 10200: 757-779.
The detection of human rhinoviruses (HRV) is highly prevalent in children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis, acute asthma and croup; however, there is also evidence that HRV is common in asymptomatic individuals. The majority of studies on the role of different HRV serotypes during acute respiratory tract infections episodes have limited sample size to fully characterize the epidemiology of HRV infection, including those from low-middle income countries, where the burden of childhood respiratory disease is greatest. We systematically reviewed HRV clinical and molecular epidemiology in low and middle income countries in Africa and Southeast Asia before November 2015. We identified 31 studies, which included data from 13 African and 6 Southeast Asian countries, emphasizing the gaps in knowledge surrounding HRV infections. HRV was one of the most prevalent respiratory viruses detected during childhood respiratory disease (13%-59%); however, many studies could not determine the attributable role of HRV in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections due to high prevalence of detection among asymptomatic individuals (6%-50%). A meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of HRV identification between children of different age-groups; or between children with severe disease compared with asymptomatic children. These data highlight the need for large scale surveillance projects to determine the attributable etiologic role of HRV in respiratory disease.
Vicky Lynne Baillie; Courtney Olwagen; Shabir A. Madhi. Review on Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in African and Southeast Asian Children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2018, 37, e185 -e194.
AMA StyleVicky Lynne Baillie, Courtney Olwagen, Shabir A. Madhi. Review on Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in African and Southeast Asian Children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2018; 37 (7):e185-e194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicky Lynne Baillie; Courtney Olwagen; Shabir A. Madhi. 2018. "Review on Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in African and Southeast Asian Children." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 37, no. 7: e185-e194.
Summary Background We have previously estimated that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) resulting in 55 000 to 199 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2005. In the past 5 years, major research activity on RSV has yielded substantial new data from developing countries. With a considerably expanded dataset from a large international collaboration, we aimed to estimate the global incidence, hospital admission rate, and mortality from RSV-ALRI episodes in young children in 2015. Methods We estimated the incidence and hospital admission rate of RSV-associated ALRI (RSV-ALRI) in children younger than 5 years stratified by age and World Bank income regions from a systematic review of studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2016, and unpublished data from 76 high quality population-based studies. We estimated the RSV-ALRI incidence for 132 developing countries using a risk factor-based model and 2015 population estimates. We estimated the in-hospital RSV-ALRI mortality by combining in-hospital case fatality ratios with hospital admission estimates from hospital-based (published and unpublished) studies. We also estimated overall RSV-ALRI mortality by identifying studies reporting monthly data for ALRI mortality in the community and RSV activity. Findings We estimated that globally in 2015, 33·1 million (uncertainty range [UR] 21·6–50·3) episodes of RSV-ALRI, resulted in about 3·2 million (2·7–3·8) hospital admissions, and 59 600 (48 000–74 500) in-hospital deaths in children younger than 5 years. In children younger than 6 months, 1·4 million (UR 1·2–1·7) hospital admissions, and 27 300 (UR 20 700–36 200) in-hospital deaths were due to RSV-ALRI. We also estimated that the overall RSV-ALRI mortality could be as high as 118 200 (UR 94 600–149 400). Incidence and mortality varied substantially from year to year in any given population. Interpretation Globally, RSV is a common cause of childhood ALRI and a major cause of hospital admissions in young children, resulting in a substantial burden on health-care services. About 45% of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths due to RSV-ALRI occur in children younger than 6 months. An effective maternal RSV vaccine or monoclonal antibody could have a substantial effect on disease burden in this age group. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Ting Shi; David A McAllister; Katherine O'Brien; Eric A F Simoes; Shabir A Madhi; Bradford D Gessner; Fernando P Polack; Evelyn Balsells; Sozinho Acacio; Claudia Aguayo; Issifou Alassani; Syed Asad Ali; Martin Antonio; Shally Awasthi; Juliet O Awori; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner; Henry C Baggett; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Angel Balmaseda; Alfredo Barahona; Sudha Basnet; Quique Bassat; Wilma Basualdo; Godfrey Bigogo; Louis Bont; Robert F Breiman; W Abdullah Brooks; Shobha Broor; Nigel Bruce; Dana Bruden; Philippe Buchy; Stuart Campbell; Phyllis Carosone-Link; Mandeep Chadha; James Chipeta; Monidarin Chou; Wilfrido Clara; Cheryl Cohen; Elizabeth de Cuellar; Duc-Anh Dang; Budragchaagiin Dash-Yandag; Maria Deloria Knoll; Mukesh Dherani; Tekchheng Eap; Bernard E Ebruke; Marcela Echavarria; Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato; Rodrigo A Fasce; Daniel R Feikin; Luzhao Feng; Angela Gentile; Aubree Gordon; Doli Goswami; Sophie Goyet; Michelle Groome; Natasha Halasa; Siddhivinayak Hirve; Nusrat Homaira; Stephen R C Howie; Jorge Jara; Imane Jroundi; Cissy B Kartasasmita; Najwa Khuri-Bulos; Karen L Kotloff; Anand Krishnan; Romina Libster; Olga Lopez; Marilla G Lucero; Florencia Lucion; Socorro P Lupisan; Débora Natalia Marcone; John P McCracken; Mario Mejia; Jennifer C Moisi; Joel M Montgomery; David Moore; Cinta Moraleda; Jocelyn Moyes; Patrick K. Munywoki; Kuswandewi Mutyara; Mark Nicol; D James Nokes; Pagbajabyn Nymadawa; Maria Tereza Da Costa Oliveira; Histoshi Oshitani; Nitin Pandey; Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà; Lia N Phillips; Valentina Sanchez Picot; Mustafizur Rahman; Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo; Zeba A Rasmussen; Barbara A Rath; Annick Robinson; Candice Romero; Graciela Russomando; Vahid Salimi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Nienke Scheltema; Brunhilde Schweiger; J Anthony G Scott; Phil Seidenberg; Kunling Shen; Rosalyn Singleton; Viviana Sotomayor; Tor A Strand; Agustinus Sutanto; Mariam Sylla; Milagritos D Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Elizabeth D Thomas; Rafal Tokarz; Claudia Turner; Marietjie Venter; Sunthareeya Waicharoen; Jianwei Wang; Wanitda Watthanaworawit; Laymyint Yoshida; Hongjie Yu; Heather J Zar; Harry Campbell; Harish Nair. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. The Lancet 2017, 390, 946 -958.
AMA StyleTing Shi, David A McAllister, Katherine O'Brien, Eric A F Simoes, Shabir A Madhi, Bradford D Gessner, Fernando P Polack, Evelyn Balsells, Sozinho Acacio, Claudia Aguayo, Issifou Alassani, Syed Asad Ali, Martin Antonio, Shally Awasthi, Juliet O Awori, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Henry C Baggett, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Angel Balmaseda, Alfredo Barahona, Sudha Basnet, Quique Bassat, Wilma Basualdo, Godfrey Bigogo, Louis Bont, Robert F Breiman, W Abdullah Brooks, Shobha Broor, Nigel Bruce, Dana Bruden, Philippe Buchy, Stuart Campbell, Phyllis Carosone-Link, Mandeep Chadha, James Chipeta, Monidarin Chou, Wilfrido Clara, Cheryl Cohen, Elizabeth de Cuellar, Duc-Anh Dang, Budragchaagiin Dash-Yandag, Maria Deloria Knoll, Mukesh Dherani, Tekchheng Eap, Bernard E Ebruke, Marcela Echavarria, Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Rodrigo A Fasce, Daniel R Feikin, Luzhao Feng, Angela Gentile, Aubree Gordon, Doli Goswami, Sophie Goyet, Michelle Groome, Natasha Halasa, Siddhivinayak Hirve, Nusrat Homaira, Stephen R C Howie, Jorge Jara, Imane Jroundi, Cissy B Kartasasmita, Najwa Khuri-Bulos, Karen L Kotloff, Anand Krishnan, Romina Libster, Olga Lopez, Marilla G Lucero, Florencia Lucion, Socorro P Lupisan, Débora Natalia Marcone, John P McCracken, Mario Mejia, Jennifer C Moisi, Joel M Montgomery, David Moore, Cinta Moraleda, Jocelyn Moyes, Patrick K. Munywoki, Kuswandewi Mutyara, Mark Nicol, D James Nokes, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Maria Tereza Da Costa Oliveira, Histoshi Oshitani, Nitin Pandey, Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà, Lia N Phillips, Valentina Sanchez Picot, Mustafizur Rahman, Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Zeba A Rasmussen, Barbara A Rath, Annick Robinson, Candice Romero, Graciela Russomando, Vahid Salimi, Pongpun Sawatwong, Nienke Scheltema, Brunhilde Schweiger, J Anthony G Scott, Phil Seidenberg, Kunling Shen, Rosalyn Singleton, Viviana Sotomayor, Tor A Strand, Agustinus Sutanto, Mariam Sylla, Milagritos D Tapia, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Elizabeth D Thomas, Rafal Tokarz, Claudia Turner, Marietjie Venter, Sunthareeya Waicharoen, Jianwei Wang, Wanitda Watthanaworawit, Laymyint Yoshida, Hongjie Yu, Heather J Zar, Harry Campbell, Harish Nair. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10098):946-958.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTing Shi; David A McAllister; Katherine O'Brien; Eric A F Simoes; Shabir A Madhi; Bradford D Gessner; Fernando P Polack; Evelyn Balsells; Sozinho Acacio; Claudia Aguayo; Issifou Alassani; Syed Asad Ali; Martin Antonio; Shally Awasthi; Juliet O Awori; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner; Henry C Baggett; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Angel Balmaseda; Alfredo Barahona; Sudha Basnet; Quique Bassat; Wilma Basualdo; Godfrey Bigogo; Louis Bont; Robert F Breiman; W Abdullah Brooks; Shobha Broor; Nigel Bruce; Dana Bruden; Philippe Buchy; Stuart Campbell; Phyllis Carosone-Link; Mandeep Chadha; James Chipeta; Monidarin Chou; Wilfrido Clara; Cheryl Cohen; Elizabeth de Cuellar; Duc-Anh Dang; Budragchaagiin Dash-Yandag; Maria Deloria Knoll; Mukesh Dherani; Tekchheng Eap; Bernard E Ebruke; Marcela Echavarria; Carla Cecília De Freitas Lázaro Emediato; Rodrigo A Fasce; Daniel R Feikin; Luzhao Feng; Angela Gentile; Aubree Gordon; Doli Goswami; Sophie Goyet; Michelle Groome; Natasha Halasa; Siddhivinayak Hirve; Nusrat Homaira; Stephen R C Howie; Jorge Jara; Imane Jroundi; Cissy B Kartasasmita; Najwa Khuri-Bulos; Karen L Kotloff; Anand Krishnan; Romina Libster; Olga Lopez; Marilla G Lucero; Florencia Lucion; Socorro P Lupisan; Débora Natalia Marcone; John P McCracken; Mario Mejia; Jennifer C Moisi; Joel M Montgomery; David Moore; Cinta Moraleda; Jocelyn Moyes; Patrick K. Munywoki; Kuswandewi Mutyara; Mark Nicol; D James Nokes; Pagbajabyn Nymadawa; Maria Tereza Da Costa Oliveira; Histoshi Oshitani; Nitin Pandey; Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà; Lia N Phillips; Valentina Sanchez Picot; Mustafizur Rahman; Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo; Zeba A Rasmussen; Barbara A Rath; Annick Robinson; Candice Romero; Graciela Russomando; Vahid Salimi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Nienke Scheltema; Brunhilde Schweiger; J Anthony G Scott; Phil Seidenberg; Kunling Shen; Rosalyn Singleton; Viviana Sotomayor; Tor A Strand; Agustinus Sutanto; Mariam Sylla; Milagritos D Tapia; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Elizabeth D Thomas; Rafal Tokarz; Claudia Turner; Marietjie Venter; Sunthareeya Waicharoen; Jianwei Wang; Wanitda Watthanaworawit; Laymyint Yoshida; Hongjie Yu; Heather J Zar; Harry Campbell; Harish Nair. 2017. "Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study." The Lancet 390, no. 10098: 946-958.
Lack of a gold standard for identifying bacterial and viral etiologies of pneumonia has limited evaluation of C-reactive protein (CRP) for identifying bacterial pneumonia. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of CRP for identifying bacterial vs respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) multicenter case-control study. We measured serum CRP levels in cases with World Health Organization–defined severe or very severe pneumonia and a subset of community controls. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of elevated CRP for “confirmed” bacterial pneumonia (positive blood culture or positive lung aspirate or pleural fluid culture or polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) compared to “RSV pneumonia” (nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal or induced sputum PCR-positive without confirmed/suspected bacterial pneumonia). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the performance of elevated CRP in distinguishing these cases. Among 601 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–negative tested controls, 3% had CRP ≥40 mg/L. Among 119 HIV-negative cases with confirmed bacterial pneumonia, 77% had CRP ≥40 mg/L compared with 17% of 556 RSV pneumonia cases. The ROC analysis produced an area under the curve of 0.87, indicating very good discrimination; a cut-point of 37.1 mg/L best discriminated confirmed bacterial pneumonia (sensitivity 77%) from RSV pneumonia (specificity 82%). CRP ≥100 mg/L substantially improved specificity over CRP ≥40 mg/L, though at a loss to sensitivity. Elevated CRP was positively associated with confirmed bacterial pneumonia and negatively associated with RSV pneumonia in PERCH. CRP may be useful for distinguishing bacterial from RSV-associated pneumonia, although its role in discriminating against other respiratory viral-associated pneumonia needs further study.
Melissa M. Higdon; Tham Le; Katherine L. O’Brien; David R. Murdoch; Christine Prosperi; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Stephanie Cascio; Somchai Chuananon; Andrea DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Hubert P. Endtz; Anek Kaewpan; Geoff Kahn; Angela Karani; Ruth A. Karron; David Moore; Daniel Park; Mohammed Ziaur Rahman; Rasheed Salaudeen; Phil Seidenberg; Somwe Wa Somwe; Mamadou Sylla; Milagritos D. Tapia; Scott L. Zeger; Maria Deloria Knoll; Shabir A. Madhi. Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S378 -S386.
AMA StyleMelissa M. Higdon, Tham Le, Katherine L. O’Brien, David R. Murdoch, Christine Prosperi, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Daniel R. Feikin, Laura L. Hammitt, Stephen R. C. Howie, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald Thea, Juliet O. Awori, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Stephanie Cascio, Somchai Chuananon, Andrea DeLuca, Amanda J. Driscoll, Bernard E. Ebruke, Hubert P. Endtz, Anek Kaewpan, Geoff Kahn, Angela Karani, Ruth A. Karron, David Moore, Daniel Park, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Rasheed Salaudeen, Phil Seidenberg, Somwe Wa Somwe, Mamadou Sylla, Milagritos D. Tapia, Scott L. Zeger, Maria Deloria Knoll, Shabir A. Madhi. Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S378-S386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelissa M. Higdon; Tham Le; Katherine L. O’Brien; David R. Murdoch; Christine Prosperi; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Stephanie Cascio; Somchai Chuananon; Andrea DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Hubert P. Endtz; Anek Kaewpan; Geoff Kahn; Angela Karani; Ruth A. Karron; David Moore; Daniel Park; Mohammed Ziaur Rahman; Rasheed Salaudeen; Phil Seidenberg; Somwe Wa Somwe; Mamadou Sylla; Milagritos D. Tapia; Scott L. Zeger; Maria Deloria Knoll; Shabir A. Madhi. 2017. "Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S378-S386.
Background.Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been widely used in pneumonia etiology studies.Methods.We evaluated the diagnostic utility of induced sputum microscopy and culture in patients enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, a large study of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. Comparisons were made between induced sputum samples from hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia and children categorized as nonpneumonia (due to the absence of prespecified clinical and laboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph).Results.One induced sputum sample was available for analysis from 3772 (89.1%) of 4232 suspected pneumonia cases enrolled in PERCH. Of these, sputum from 2608 (69.1%) met the quality criterion of <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field, and 1162 (44.6%) had radiographic pneumonia. Induced sputum microscopy and culture results were not associated with radiographic pneumonia, regardless of prior antibiotic use, stratification by specific bacteria, or interpretative criteria used.Conclusions.The findings of this study do not support the culture of induced sputum specimens as a diagnostic tool for pneumonia in young children as part of routine clinical practice.
David R. Murdoch; Susan C. Morpeth; Laura L. Hammitt; Amanda J. Driscoll; Nora L. Watson; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald M. Thea; Peter V. Adrian; Dilruba Ahmed; Muntasir Alam; Juliet O. Awori; Andrea N. DeLuca; Melissa M. Higdon; Ruth A. Karron; Geoffrey Kwenda; Eunice M. Machuka; Sirirat Makprasert; Jessica McLellan; David P. Moore; John Mwaba; Salim Mwarumba; Daniel E. Park; Christine Prosperi; Ornuma Sangwichian; Seydou Sissoko; Milagritos D. Tapia; Scott L. Zeger; Stephen R. C. Howie; for the PERCH Study Group; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Bernard E. Ebruke; Martin Antonio; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Vicky L. Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle J. Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell. The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S280 -S288.
AMA StyleDavid R. Murdoch, Susan C. Morpeth, Laura L. Hammitt, Amanda J. Driscoll, Nora L. Watson, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Maria Deloria Knoll, Daniel R. Feikin, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, Katherine L. O’Brien, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald M. Thea, Peter V. Adrian, Dilruba Ahmed, Muntasir Alam, Juliet O. Awori, Andrea N. DeLuca, Melissa M. Higdon, Ruth A. Karron, Geoffrey Kwenda, Eunice M. Machuka, Sirirat Makprasert, Jessica McLellan, David P. Moore, John Mwaba, Salim Mwarumba, Daniel E. Park, Christine Prosperi, Ornuma Sangwichian, Seydou Sissoko, Milagritos D. Tapia, Scott L. Zeger, Stephen R. C. Howie, for the PERCH Study Group, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Mengying Li, Zhenke Wu, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Khalequ Zaman, Doli Goswami, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, Hasan Ashraf, Bernard E. Ebruke, Martin Antonio, Arifin Shamsul, Syed M.A. Zaman, Grant Mackenzie, Alice Kamau, Sidi Kazungu, Micah Silaba Ominde, Samba O. Sow, Mamadou Sylla, Boubou Tamboura, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Aliou Toure, Vicky L. Baillie, Locadiah Kuwanda, Azwifarwi Mudau, Michelle J. Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Julia Rhodes, Pongpun Sawatwong, Pasakorn Akarasewi, Lawrence Mwananyanda, James Chipeta, Phil Seidenberg, James Mwansa, Somwe Wa Somwe, Trevor P. Anderson, Joanne Mitchell. The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S280-S288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid R. Murdoch; Susan C. Morpeth; Laura L. Hammitt; Amanda J. Driscoll; Nora L. Watson; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald M. Thea; Peter V. Adrian; Dilruba Ahmed; Muntasir Alam; Juliet O. Awori; Andrea N. DeLuca; Melissa M. Higdon; Ruth A. Karron; Geoffrey Kwenda; Eunice M. Machuka; Sirirat Makprasert; Jessica McLellan; David P. Moore; John Mwaba; Salim Mwarumba; Daniel E. Park; Christine Prosperi; Ornuma Sangwichian; Seydou Sissoko; Milagritos D. Tapia; Scott L. Zeger; Stephen R. C. Howie; for the PERCH Study Group; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Bernard E. Ebruke; Martin Antonio; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Vicky L. Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle J. Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell. 2017. "The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S280-S288.
It is standard practice for laboratories to assess the cellular quality of expectorated sputum specimens to check that they originated from the lower respiratory tract. The presence of low numbers of squamous epithelial cells (SECs) and high numbers of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells are regarded as indicative of a lower respiratory tract specimen. However, these quality ratings have never been evaluated for induced sputum specimens from children with suspected pneumonia. We evaluated induced sputum Gram stain smears and cultures from hospitalized children aged 1–59 months enrolled in a large study of community-acquired pneumonia. We hypothesized that a specimen representative of the lower respiratory tract will contain smaller quantities of oropharyngeal flora and be more likely to have a predominance of potential pathogens compared to a specimen containing mainly saliva. The prevalence of potential pathogens cultured from induced sputum specimens and quantity of oropharyngeal flora were compared for different quantities of SECs and PMNs. Of 3772 induced sputum specimens, 2608 (69%) had 25 PMNs per LPF, measures traditionally associated with specimens from the lower respiratory tract in adults. Using isolation of low quantities of oropharyngeal flora and higher prevalence of potential pathogens as markers of higher quality, 25 PMNs per LPF) was the microscopic variable most associated with high quality of induced sputum. Quantity of SECs may be a useful quality measure of induced sputum from young children with pneumonia.
David R. Murdoch; Susan C. Morpeth; Laura L. Hammitt; Amanda J. Driscoll; Nora L. Watson; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Dilruba Ahmed; Juliet O. Awori; Andrea DeLuca; Bernard E. Ebruke; Melissa M. Higdon; Possawat Jorakate; Ruth A. Karron; Sidi Kazungu; Geoffrey Kwenda; Lokman Hossain; Sirirat Makprasert; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mudau; John Mwaba; Sandra Panchalingam; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Rasheed Salaudeen; Aliou Toure; Scott L. Zeger; Stephen R. C. Howie; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M. A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Micah Silab Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Peter V. Adrian; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. Microscopic Analysis and Quality Assessment of Induced Sputum From Children With Pneumonia in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S271 -S279.
AMA StyleDavid R. Murdoch, Susan C. Morpeth, Laura L. Hammitt, Amanda J. Driscoll, Nora L. Watson, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Maria Deloria Knoll, Daniel R. Feikin, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, Katherine L. O’Brien, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald Thea, Dilruba Ahmed, Juliet O. Awori, Andrea DeLuca, Bernard E. Ebruke, Melissa M. Higdon, Possawat Jorakate, Ruth A. Karron, Sidi Kazungu, Geoffrey Kwenda, Lokman Hossain, Sirirat Makprasert, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mudau, John Mwaba, Sandra Panchalingam, Daniel Park, Christine Prosperi, Rasheed Salaudeen, Aliou Toure, Scott L. Zeger, Stephen R. C. Howie, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Mengying Li, Zhenke Wu, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Khalequ Zaman, Doli Goswami, Yasmin Jahan, Hasan Ashraf, Martin Antonio, Jessica McLellan, Eunice Machuka, Arifin Shamsul, Syed M. A. Zaman, Grant Mackenzie, Alice Kamau, Micah Silab Ominde, Milagritos D. Tapia, Samba O. Sow, Mamadou Sylla, Boubou Tamboura, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Peter V. Adrian, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Locadiah Kuwanda, Michelle Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Julia Rhodes, Pongpun Sawatwong, Pasakorn Akarasewi, Lawrence Mwananyanda, James Chipeta, Phil Seidenberg, James Mwansa, Somwe Wa Somwe, Trevor P. Anderson, Joanne Mitchell, for the PERCH Study Group. Microscopic Analysis and Quality Assessment of Induced Sputum From Children With Pneumonia in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S271-S279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid R. Murdoch; Susan C. Morpeth; Laura L. Hammitt; Amanda J. Driscoll; Nora L. Watson; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Dilruba Ahmed; Juliet O. Awori; Andrea DeLuca; Bernard E. Ebruke; Melissa M. Higdon; Possawat Jorakate; Ruth A. Karron; Sidi Kazungu; Geoffrey Kwenda; Lokman Hossain; Sirirat Makprasert; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mudau; John Mwaba; Sandra Panchalingam; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Rasheed Salaudeen; Aliou Toure; Scott L. Zeger; Stephen R. C. Howie; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M. A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Micah Silab Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Samba O. Sow; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Peter V. Adrian; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. 2017. "Microscopic Analysis and Quality Assessment of Induced Sputum From Children With Pneumonia in the PERCH Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S271-S279.
Background.The etiologic inference of identifying a pathogen in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of children with pneumonia is unclear. To determine if viral load could provide evidence of causality of pneumonia, we compared viral load in the URT of children with World Health Organization–defined severe and very severe pneumonia and age-matched community controls.Methods.In the 9 developing country sites, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs from children with and without pneumonia were tested using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for 17 viruses. The association of viral load with case status was evaluated using logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine optimal discriminatory viral load cutoffs. Viral load density distributions were plotted.Results.The mean viral load was higher in cases than controls for 7 viruses. However, there was substantial overlap in viral load distribution of cases and controls for all viruses. ROC curves to determine the optimal viral load cutoff produced an area under the curve of <0.80 for all viruses, suggesting poor to fair discrimination between cases and controls. Fatal and very severe pneumonia cases did not have higher viral load than less severe cases for most viruses.Conclusions.Although we found higher viral loads among pneumonia cases than controls for some viruses, the utility in using viral load of URT specimens to define viral pneumonia was equivocal. Our analysis was limited by lack of a gold standard for viral pneumonia.
Daniel R. Feikin; Wei Fu; Daniel Park; Qiyuan Shi; Melissa M. Higdon; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Peter V. Adrian; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Andrea DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Doli Goswami; Ruth A. Karron; Mengying Li; Susan C. Morpeth; John Mwaba; James Mwansa; Christine Prosperi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Samba O. Sow; Milagritos D. Tapia; Toni Whistler; Khalequ Zaman; Scott L. Zeger; Katherine L. O’ Brien; David R. Murdoch; Nicholas Fancourt; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Zhenke Wu; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; David Moore; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. Is Higher Viral Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract Associated With Severe Pneumonia? Findings From the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S337 -S346.
AMA StyleDaniel R. Feikin, Wei Fu, Daniel Park, Qiyuan Shi, Melissa M. Higdon, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Maria Deloria Knoll, Laura L. Hammitt, Stephen R. C. Howie, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald Thea, Peter V. Adrian, Martin Antonio, Juliet O. Awori, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Andrea DeLuca, Amanda J. Driscoll, Bernard E. Ebruke, Doli Goswami, Ruth A. Karron, Mengying Li, Susan C. Morpeth, John Mwaba, James Mwansa, Christine Prosperi, Pongpun Sawatwong, Samba O. Sow, Milagritos D. Tapia, Toni Whistler, Khalequ Zaman, Scott L. Zeger, Katherine L. O’ Brien, David R. Murdoch, Nicholas Fancourt, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Zhenke Wu, Nora L. Watson, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, Hasan Ashraf, Jessica McLellan, Eunice Machuka, Arifin Shamsul, Syed M.A. Zaman, Grant Mackenzie, Alice Kamau, Sidi Kazungu, Micah Silaba Ominde, Mamadou Sylla, Boubou Tamboura, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Aliou Toure, David Moore, Locadiah Kuwanda, Azwifarwi Mudau, Michelle Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Julia Rhodes, Pasakorn Akarasewi, Lawrence Mwananyanda, James Chipeta, Phil Seidenberg, Somwe Wa Somwe, Geoffrey Kwenda, Trevor P. Anderson, Joanne Mitchell, for the PERCH Study Group. Is Higher Viral Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract Associated With Severe Pneumonia? Findings From the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S337-S346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel R. Feikin; Wei Fu; Daniel Park; Qiyuan Shi; Melissa M. Higdon; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Maria Deloria Knoll; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Peter V. Adrian; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Andrea DeLuca; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Doli Goswami; Ruth A. Karron; Mengying Li; Susan C. Morpeth; John Mwaba; James Mwansa; Christine Prosperi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Samba O. Sow; Milagritos D. Tapia; Toni Whistler; Khalequ Zaman; Scott L. Zeger; Katherine L. O’ Brien; David R. Murdoch; Nicholas Fancourt; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Zhenke Wu; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Mamadou Sylla; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; David Moore; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; James Chipeta; Phil Seidenberg; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. 2017. "Is Higher Viral Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract Associated With Severe Pneumonia? Findings From the PERCH Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S337-S346.
Detection of pneumococcus by lytA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood had poor diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia in children in 9 African and Asian sites. We assessed the value of blood lytA quantification in diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia. The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study tested whole blood by PCR for pneumococcus in children aged 1-59 months hospitalized with signs of pneumonia and in age-frequency matched community controls. The distribution of load among PCR-positive participants was compared between microbiologically confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia (MCPP) cases, cases confirmed for nonpneumococcal pathogens, nonconfirmed cases, and controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses determined the "optimal threshold" that distinguished MCPP cases from controls. Load was available for 290 of 291 cases with pneumococcal PCR detected in blood and 273 of 273 controls. Load was higher in MCPP cases than controls (median, 4.0 × 103 vs 0.19 × 103 copies/mL), but overlapped substantially (range, 0.16-989.9 × 103 copies/mL and 0.01-551.9 × 103 copies/mL, respectively). The proportion with high load (≥2.2 log10 copies/mL) was 62.5% among MCPP cases, 4.3% among nonconfirmed cases, 9.3% among cases confirmed for a nonpneumococcal pathogen, and 3.1% among controls. Pneumococcal load in blood was not associated with respiratory tract illness in controls (P = .32). High blood pneumococcal load was associated with alveolar consolidation on chest radiograph in nonconfirmed cases, and with high (>6.9 log10 copies/mL) nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal load and C-reactive protein ≥40 mg/L (both P < .01) in nonconfirmed cases but not controls. Quantitative pneumococcal PCR in blood has limited diagnostic utility for identifying pneumococcal pneumonia in individual children, but may be informative in epidemiological studies.
Maria Deloria Knoll; Susan C. Morpeth; J. Anthony G. Scott; Nora L. Watson; Daniel E. Park; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Katherine L. O’Brien; Donald M. Thea; Dilruba Ahmed; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky L. Baillie; James Chipeta; Andrea N. Deluca; Michel Dione; Amanda J. Driscoll; Melissa M. Higdon; Anchalee Jatapai; Ruth A. Karron; Razib Mazumder; David P. Moore; James Mwansa; Sammy Nyongesa; Christine Prosperi; Phil Seidenberg; Duangkamon Siludjai; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Scott L. Zeger; David R. Murdoch; Shabir A. Madhi; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Bernard E. Ebruke; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Mamadou Sylla; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Peter V. Adrian; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle J. Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. Evaluation of Pneumococcal Load in Blood by Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Young Children in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S357 -S367.
AMA StyleMaria Deloria Knoll, Susan C. Morpeth, J. Anthony G. Scott, Nora L. Watson, Daniel E. Park, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Daniel R. Feikin, Laura L. Hammitt, Stephen R. C. Howie, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Katherine L. O’Brien, Donald M. Thea, Dilruba Ahmed, Martin Antonio, Juliet O. Awori, Vicky L. Baillie, James Chipeta, Andrea N. Deluca, Michel Dione, Amanda J. Driscoll, Melissa M. Higdon, Anchalee Jatapai, Ruth A. Karron, Razib Mazumder, David P. Moore, James Mwansa, Sammy Nyongesa, Christine Prosperi, Phil Seidenberg, Duangkamon Siludjai, Samba O. Sow, Boubou Tamboura, Scott L. Zeger, David R. Murdoch, Shabir A. Madhi, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Mengying Li, Zhenke Wu, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Khalequ Zaman, Doli Goswami, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, Hasan Ashraf, Bernard E. Ebruke, Jessica McLellan, Eunice Machuka, Arifin Shamsul, Syed M.A. Zaman, Grant Mackenzie, Alice Kamau, Sidi Kazungu, Micah Silaba Ominde, Milagritos D. Tapia, Mamadou Sylla, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Aliou Toure, Peter V. Adrian, Locadiah Kuwanda, Azwifarwi Mudau, Michelle J. Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Julia Rhodes, Pongpun Sawatwong, Pasakorn Akarasewi, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Somwe Wa Somwe, Geoffrey Kwenda, Trevor P. Anderson, Joanne Mitchell, for the PERCH Study Group. Evaluation of Pneumococcal Load in Blood by Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Young Children in the PERCH Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S357-S367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Deloria Knoll; Susan C. Morpeth; J. Anthony G. Scott; Nora L. Watson; Daniel E. Park; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Laura L. Hammitt; Stephen R. C. Howie; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Katherine L. O’Brien; Donald M. Thea; Dilruba Ahmed; Martin Antonio; Juliet O. Awori; Vicky L. Baillie; James Chipeta; Andrea N. Deluca; Michel Dione; Amanda J. Driscoll; Melissa M. Higdon; Anchalee Jatapai; Ruth A. Karron; Razib Mazumder; David P. Moore; James Mwansa; Sammy Nyongesa; Christine Prosperi; Phil Seidenberg; Duangkamon Siludjai; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Scott L. Zeger; David R. Murdoch; Shabir A. Madhi; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Bernard E. Ebruke; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M.A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Mamadou Sylla; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Peter V. Adrian; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle J. Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell; for the PERCH Study Group. 2017. "Evaluation of Pneumococcal Load in Blood by Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Young Children in the PERCH Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S357-S367.
Background.Antibiotic exposure and specimen volume are known to affect pathogen detection by culture. Here we assess their effects on bacterial pathogen detection by both culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in children.Methods.PERCH (Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health) is a case-control study of pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months investigating pathogens in blood, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs, and induced sputum by culture and PCR. Antibiotic exposure was ascertained by serum bioassay, and for cases, by a record of antibiotic treatment prior to specimen collection. Inoculated blood culture bottles were weighed to estimate volume.Results.Antibiotic exposure ranged by specimen type from 43.5% to 81.7% in 4223 cases and was detected in 2.3% of 4863 controls. Antibiotics were associated with a 45% reduction in blood culture yield and approximately 20% reduction in yield from induced sputum culture. Reduction in yield of Streptococcus pneumoniae from NP culture was approximately 30% in cases and approximately 32% in controls. Several bacteria had significant but marginal reductions (by 5%–7%) in detection by PCR in NP/OP swabs from both cases and controls, with the exception of S. pneumoniae in exposed controls, which was detected 25% less frequently compared to nonexposed controls. Bacterial detection in induced sputum by PCR decreased 7% for exposed compared to nonexposed cases. For every additional 1 mL of blood culture specimen collected, microbial yield increased 0.51% (95% confidence interval, 0.47%–0.54%), from 2% when volume was ≤1 mL to approximately 6% for ≥3 mL.Conclusions.Antibiotic exposure and blood culture volume affect detection of bacterial pathogens in children with pneumonia and should be accounted for in studies of etiology and in clinical management.
Amanda J. Driscoll; Maria Deloria Knoll; Laura L. Hammitt; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Stephen R. C. Howie; Peter V. Adrian; Dilruba Ahmed; Andrea DeLuca; Bernard E. Ebruke; Caroline Gitahi; Melissa M. Higdon; Anek Kaewpan; Angela Karani; Ruth A. Karron; Razib Mazumder; Jessica McLellan; David Moore; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Julia Rhodes; Saifullah; Phil Seidenberg; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Scott L. Zeger; David R. Murdoch; for the PERCH Study Group; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M. A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Juliet O. Awori; Susan C. Morpeth; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Mamadou Sylla; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; James Chipeta; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell. The Effect of Antibiotic Exposure and Specimen Volume on the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Children With Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S368 -S377.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Driscoll, Maria Deloria Knoll, Laura L. Hammitt, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Daniel R. Feikin, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, Katherine L. O’Brien, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald Thea, Stephen R. C. Howie, Peter V. Adrian, Dilruba Ahmed, Andrea DeLuca, Bernard E. Ebruke, Caroline Gitahi, Melissa M. Higdon, Anek Kaewpan, Angela Karani, Ruth A. Karron, Razib Mazumder, Jessica McLellan, David Moore, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Daniel Park, Christine Prosperi, Julia Rhodes, Saifullah, Phil Seidenberg, Samba O. Sow, Boubou Tamboura, Scott L. Zeger, David R. Murdoch, for the PERCH Study Group, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Mengying Li, Zhenke Wu, Nora L. Watson, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Khalequ Zaman, Doli Goswami, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, Hasan Ashraf, Martin Antonio, Eunice Machuka, Arifin Shamsul, Syed M. A. Zaman, Grant Mackenzie, Juliet O. Awori, Susan C. Morpeth, Alice Kamau, Sidi Kazungu, Micah Silaba Ominde, Milagritos D. Tapia, Mamadou Sylla, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Aliou Toure, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Locadiah Kuwanda, Azwifarwi Mudau, Michelle Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Pongpun Sawatwong, Pasakorn Akarasewi, James Chipeta, James Mwansa, Somwe Wa Somwe, Geoffrey Kwenda, Trevor P. Anderson, Joanne Mitchell. The Effect of Antibiotic Exposure and Specimen Volume on the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Children With Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S368-S377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Driscoll; Maria Deloria Knoll; Laura L. Hammitt; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Daniel R. Feikin; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; Katherine L. O’Brien; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Stephen R. C. Howie; Peter V. Adrian; Dilruba Ahmed; Andrea DeLuca; Bernard E. Ebruke; Caroline Gitahi; Melissa M. Higdon; Anek Kaewpan; Angela Karani; Ruth A. Karron; Razib Mazumder; Jessica McLellan; David Moore; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Julia Rhodes; Saifullah; Phil Seidenberg; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Scott L. Zeger; David R. Murdoch; for the PERCH Study Group; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Syed M. A. Zaman; Grant Mackenzie; Juliet O. Awori; Susan C. Morpeth; Alice Kamau; Sidi Kazungu; Micah Silaba Ominde; Milagritos D. Tapia; Mamadou Sylla; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Azwifarwi Mudau; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; James Chipeta; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; Trevor P. Anderson; Joanne Mitchell. 2017. "The Effect of Antibiotic Exposure and Specimen Volume on the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Children With Pneumonia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S368-S377.
Background.Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) contributes to the pathogenesis of childhood acute community-acquired pneumonia in settings with a high tuberculosis burden. The incremental value of a repeated induced sputum (IS) sample, compared with a single IS or gastric aspirate (GA) sample, is not well known.Methods.Two IS samples were obtained for Mtb culture from children enrolled as cases in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study in South Africa. Nonstudy attending physicians requested GA if pulmonary tuberculosis was clinically suspected. We compared the Mtb yield of 2 IS samples to that of 1 IS sample and GA samples.Results. Twenty-seven (3.0%) culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases were identified among 906 children investigated with IS and GA samples for Mtb. Results from 2 IS samples were available for 719 children (79.4%). Of 12 culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases identified among children with ≥2 IS samples, 4 (33.3%) were negative at the first IS sample. In head-to-head comparisons among children with both GA and IS samples collected, the yield of 1 GA sample (8 of 427; 1.9%) was similar to that of 1 IS sample (5 of 427, 1.2%), and the yield of 2 GA samples (10 of 300; 3.3%) was similar to that of 2 IS samples (5 of 300; 1.7%). IS samples identified 8 (42.1%) of the 19 culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases that were identified through submission of IS and GA samples.Conclusions.A single IS sample underestimated the presence of Mtb in children hospitalized with severe or very severe pneumonia. Detection of Mtb is enhanced by combining 2 IS with GA sample collections in young children with acute severe pneumonia.
David Moore; Melissa M. Higdon; Laura L. Hammitt; Christine Prosperi; Andrea DeLuca; Pedro Da Silva; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Peter V. Adrian; Azwifarwi Mudau; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; David R. Murdoch; Katherine L. O’Brien; Shabir A. Madhi. The Incremental Value of Repeated Induced Sputum and Gastric Aspirate Samples for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Young Children With Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S309 -S316.
AMA StyleDavid Moore, Melissa M. Higdon, Laura L. Hammitt, Christine Prosperi, Andrea DeLuca, Pedro Da Silva, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Peter V. Adrian, Azwifarwi Mudau, Maria Deloria Knoll, Daniel R. Feikin, David R. Murdoch, Katherine L. O’Brien, Shabir A. Madhi. The Incremental Value of Repeated Induced Sputum and Gastric Aspirate Samples for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Young Children With Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S309-S316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Moore; Melissa M. Higdon; Laura L. Hammitt; Christine Prosperi; Andrea DeLuca; Pedro Da Silva; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Peter V. Adrian; Azwifarwi Mudau; Maria Deloria Knoll; Daniel R. Feikin; David R. Murdoch; Katherine L. O’Brien; Shabir A. Madhi. 2017. "The Incremental Value of Repeated Induced Sputum and Gastric Aspirate Samples for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Young Children With Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S309-S316.
Background.Induced sputum (IS) may provide diagnostic information about the etiology of pneumonia. The safety of this procedure across a heterogeneous population with severe pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries has not been described.Methods.IS specimens were obtained as part a 7-country study of the etiology of severe and very severe pneumonia in hospitalized children <5 years of age. Rigorous clinical monitoring was done before, during, and after the procedure to record oxygen requirement, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, consciousness level, and other evidence of clinical deterioration. Criteria for IS contraindications were predefined and serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported to ethics committees and a central safety monitor.Results.A total of 4653 IS procedures were done among 3802 children. Thirteen SAEs were reported in relation to collection of IS, or 0.34% of children with at least 1 IS specimen collected (95% confidence interval, 0.15%–0.53%). A drop in oxygen saturation that required supplemental oxygen was the most common SAE. One child died after feeding was reinitiated 2 hours after undergoing sputum induction; this death was categorized as “possibly related” to the procedure.Conclusions.The overall frequency of SAEs was very low, and the nature of most SAEs was manageable, demonstrating a low-risk safety profile for IS collection even among severely ill children in low-income-country settings. Healthcare providers should monitor oxygen saturation and requirements during and after IS collection, and assess patients prior to reinitiating feeding after the IS procedure, to ensure patient safety.
Andrea DeLuca; Laura L. Hammitt; Julia Kim; Melissa M. Higdon; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Stephen R. C. Howie; Maria Deloria Knoll; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; David R. Murdoch; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Tussanee Amornintapichet; Juliet O. Awori; Somchai Chuananon; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Sidi Kazungu; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mudau; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Phil Seidenberg; Mamadou Sylla; Milagritos D. Tapia; Syed M. A. Zaman; Katherine L. O’Brien; Daniel R. Feikin; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; Ruth A. Karron; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Scott L. Zeger; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Grant Mackenzie; Susan C. Morpeth; Alice Kamau; Micah Silaba; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Peter V. Adrian; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; James Chipeta; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; for the PERCH Study Group. Safety of Induced Sputum Collection in Children Hospitalized With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 64, S301 -S308.
AMA StyleAndrea DeLuca, Laura L. Hammitt, Julia Kim, Melissa M. Higdon, Henry C. Baggett, W. Abdullah Brooks, Stephen R. C. Howie, Maria Deloria Knoll, Karen L. Kotloff, Orin S. Levine, Shabir A. Madhi, David R. Murdoch, J. Anthony G. Scott, Donald Thea, Tussanee Amornintapichet, Juliet O. Awori, Somchai Chuananon, Amanda J. Driscoll, Bernard E. Ebruke, Lokman Hossain, Yasmin Jahan, E. Wangeci Kagucia, Sidi Kazungu, David Moore, Azwifarwi Mudau, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Daniel Park, Christine Prosperi, Phil Seidenberg, Mamadou Sylla, Milagritos D. Tapia, Syed M. A. Zaman, Katherine L. O’Brien, Daniel R. Feikin, Nicholas Fancourt, Wei Fu, Ruth A. Karron, Mengying Li, Zhenke Wu, Scott L. Zeger, Nora L. Watson, Jane Crawley, Hubert P. Endtz, Khalequ Zaman, Doli Goswami, Hasan Ashraf, Martin Antonio, Jessica McLellan, Eunice Machuka, Arifin Shamsul, Grant Mackenzie, Susan C. Morpeth, Alice Kamau, Micah Silaba, Samba O. Sow, Boubou Tamboura, Uma Onwuchekwa, Nana Kourouma, Aliou Toure, Peter V. Adrian, Vicky Lynne Baillie, Locadiah Kuwanda, Michelle Groome, Nasreen Mahomed, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Susan A. Maloney, Charatdao Bunthi, Julia Rhodes, Pongpun Sawatwong, Pasakorn Akarasewi, James Chipeta, James Mwansa, Somwe Wa Somwe, Geoffrey Kwenda, for the PERCH Study Group. Safety of Induced Sputum Collection in Children Hospitalized With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (suppl_3):S301-S308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea DeLuca; Laura L. Hammitt; Julia Kim; Melissa M. Higdon; Henry C. Baggett; W. Abdullah Brooks; Stephen R. C. Howie; Maria Deloria Knoll; Karen L. Kotloff; Orin S. Levine; Shabir A. Madhi; David R. Murdoch; J. Anthony G. Scott; Donald Thea; Tussanee Amornintapichet; Juliet O. Awori; Somchai Chuananon; Amanda J. Driscoll; Bernard E. Ebruke; Lokman Hossain; Yasmin Jahan; E. Wangeci Kagucia; Sidi Kazungu; David Moore; Azwifarwi Mudau; Lawrence Mwananyanda; Daniel Park; Christine Prosperi; Phil Seidenberg; Mamadou Sylla; Milagritos D. Tapia; Syed M. A. Zaman; Katherine L. O’Brien; Daniel R. Feikin; Nicholas Fancourt; Wei Fu; Ruth A. Karron; Mengying Li; Zhenke Wu; Scott L. Zeger; Nora L. Watson; Jane Crawley; Hubert P. Endtz; Khalequ Zaman; Doli Goswami; Hasan Ashraf; Martin Antonio; Jessica McLellan; Eunice Machuka; Arifin Shamsul; Grant Mackenzie; Susan C. Morpeth; Alice Kamau; Micah Silaba; Samba O. Sow; Boubou Tamboura; Uma Onwuchekwa; Nana Kourouma; Aliou Toure; Peter V. Adrian; Vicky Lynne Baillie; Locadiah Kuwanda; Michelle Groome; Nasreen Mahomed; Somsak Thamthitiwat; Susan A. Maloney; Charatdao Bunthi; Julia Rhodes; Pongpun Sawatwong; Pasakorn Akarasewi; James Chipeta; James Mwansa; Somwe Wa Somwe; Geoffrey Kwenda; for the PERCH Study Group. 2017. "Safety of Induced Sputum Collection in Children Hospitalized With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. suppl_3: S301-S308.