Pd-F:SnO₂ thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Optimization has been done by doping SnO₂ with palladium at varying levels of concentration and then recording sheet resistance. The sheet resistivity has been observed to decrease gradually as at% Pd concentration is increased; an optimum sheet resistivity value of 2.71 × 10⁻² Ω cm has been recorded. The decrease in sheet resistivity has been attributed to presence of Pd ions which contribute in increment of charge carrier density. Using the optimum value of at% Pd doping, the same procedure has been repeated to study the effect of fluorine on Pd:SnO₂; an optimum value of 1.64 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm sheet resistivity has been recorded. This decrease has been attributed to substitution of O⁻ with those of fluorine hence improving charge carrier density. The effect of passivation has been studied by comparing as prepared, annealed and passivated Pd-F:SnO₂ thin films. Annealing has been observed to decrease the sheet resistivity to 1.21 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm, while passivation has the effect of increasing the sheet resistivity to 1.53 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm which is attributed to effects resulting from annealing the samples in nitrogen gas atmosphere.

Zeolite Na-A supported ZnO nanocomposites (ZnO/Zeolite Na-A NCs) were synthesized at low temperature (70 ℃) via the sol-gel process and characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for structural, morphological, optical and bonding properties. The textural properties and porosity were obtained by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique. The obtained XRD and microscopy results indicated that the obtained nanopowders were crystalline in nature and no collapse of the structure of zeolite Na-A. In addition, the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles occurred mainly on the surface of the zeolite support. It is clear that the zeolite supported ZnO nanoparticles were more dispersed as compared to the pure ZnO with improved porosity and high surface area. Photocatalytic activity for the ZnO/zeolite Na-A was tremendously increased which was attributed to the synergetic combined effects of both ZnO and zeolite aluminosilicate network such as increased surface area (S_BET), high adsorption and restrained charge recombination.