Liposomal nanomedicines have emerged as a pivotal approach for the treatment of various diseases, notably cancer and infectious diseases. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in liposomal formulations, highlighting their composition, targeted delivery strategies, and mechanisms of action. We explore the evolution of liposomal products currently in clinical trials, emphasizing their potential in addressing diverse medical challenges. The integration of immunotherapeutic agents within liposomes marks a paradigm shift, enabling the design of ‘immuno-modulatory hubs’ capable of orchestrating precise immune responses while facilitating theranostic applications. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated research in liposomal-based vaccines and antiviral therapies, underscoring the need for improved delivery mechanisms to overcome challenges like rapid clearance and organ toxicity. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of “smart” liposomes, which can respond to specific disease microenvironments, enhancing treatment efficacy and precision. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing liposomal designs promises to revolutionize personalized medicine, paving the way for innovative strategies in disease detection and therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of ongoing research in liposomal technologies, with implications for future clinical applications and enhanced patient outcomes.

Cellulose and chitosan with remarkable biocompatibility and sophisticated physiochemical characteristics can be a new dawn to the advanced drug nano-carriers in cancer treatment. This study aims to synthesize layer-by-layer bionanocomposites from chitosan and rice straw cellulose encapsulated 5-Fluorouracil (CS-CF/5FU BNCs) using the ionic gelation method and the sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linker. Data from X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed successful preparation of CS-CF/5FU BNCs. Based on images of scanning electron microscopy, 48.73 ± 1.52 nm was estimated for an average size of the bionanocomposites as spherical chitosan nanoparticles mostly coated rod-shaped cellulose reinforcement. 5-Fluorouracil indicated an increase in thermal stability after its encapsulation in the bionanocomposites. The drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be 86 ± 2.75%. CS-CF/5FU BNCs triggered higher drug release in a media simulating the colorectal fluid with pH 7.4 (76.82 ± 1.29%) than the gastric fluid with pH 1.2 (42.37 ± 0.43%). In in vitro cytotoxicity assays, cellulose fibers, chitosan nanoparticles and the bionanocomposites indicated biocompatibility towards CCD112 normal cells. Most promisingly, CS-CF/5FU BNCs at 250 µg/mL concentration eliminated 56.42 ± 0.41% of HCT116 cancer cells and only 8.16 ± 2.11% of CCD112 normal cells. Therefore, this study demonstrates that CS-CF/5FU BNCs can be considered as an eco-friendly and innovative nanodrug candidate for potential colorectal cancer treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB), derived from bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has become one of the worst infectious and contagious illnesses in the world after HIV/AIDS. Long-term therapy, a high pill burden, lack of compliance, and strict management regimens are disadvantages which resulted in the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) along with multidrug-resistant (MDR) in the treatment of TB. One of the main thrust areas for the current scenario is the development of innovative intervention tools for early diagnosis and therapeutics towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This review discusses various nanotherapeutic agents that have been developed for MTB diagnostics, anti-TB drugs and vaccine. Undoubtedly, the concept of employing nanoparticles (NPs) has strong potential in this therapy and offers impressive outcomes to conquer the disease. Nanocarriers with different types were designed for drug delivery applications via various administration methods. Controlling and maintaining the drug release might be an example of the benefits of utilizing a drug-loaded NP in TB therapy over conventional drug therapy. Furthermore, the drug-encapsulated NP is able to lessen dosage regimen and can resolve the problems of insufficient compliance. Over the past decade, NPs were developed in both diagnostic and therapeutic methods, while on the other hand, the therapeutic system has increased. These “theranostic” NPs were designed for nuclear imaging, optical imaging, ultrasound, imaging with magnetic resonance and the computed tomography, which includes both single-photon computed tomography and positron emission tomography. More specifically, the current manuscript focuses on the status of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in the treatment of TB.

Nanoemulsions (NEs), colloidal systems of nanoscale droplets (~100 nm), have emerged as transformative tools in oncology due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable physicochemical properties, and capacity for targeted drug delivery. While NEs find applications across diverse fields, their urgency in breast cancer therapy stems from critical limitations of conventional treatments, including systemic toxicity, poor bioavailability, and multidrug resistance. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, NEs enable precise tumor targeting via passive mechanisms (eg, enhanced permeability and retention effect) and active strategies (eg, ligand-functionalized surfaces), significantly reducing off-target effects. Their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, improve solubility, and sustain controlled release enhances therapeutic efficacy while overcoming resistance mechanisms prevalent in aggressive breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative and HER2-positive tumors. This review comprehensively analyzes NE formulation techniques (eg, ultrasonication, phase inversion temperature, bubble bursting), stability optimization through surfactant dynamics, and predictive modeling of droplet behavior. A focal point is their role in modulating tumor microenvironments, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis in preclinical breast cancer models. By spotlighting NE-driven advancements in drug accumulation, reduced relapse rates, and adaptable combination therapies, this article underscores their potential to revolutionize oncology. Future research must prioritize clinical translation, scalability, and multifunctional NE designs to address unmet needs in precision breast cancer treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) stands as an enduring and formidable global health challenge, necessitating innovative methodologies to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Within this context, nanotechnology emerges as a promising modality to augment TB therapy by enabling targeted drug delivery of anti-TB agents to infect cells, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while mitigating adverse effects. This study focalizes on the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) as a nanocarrier for the concurrent delivery of Pyrazinamide (PYR), a pivotal antibiotic in the first-line treatment of TB. The primary objective is to overcome challenges related to the limited solubility and bioavailability of these drugs, which hinder their effectiveness and pose toxicity risks. The encapsulation of PYR within CS proves advantageous, enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery. The resulting nanocarrier, denoted as CS-PYR, is prepared through ionic gelation, involving cross-linking chitosan-loaded anti-TB carriers with tripolyphosphate to achieve nanoscale dimensions. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, TGA, TEM, FESEM, DLS, UV-vis spectroscopy, antibacterial assays, and cytotoxic MTT assays, are utilized for a comprehensive investigation. The spherical morphology of PYR-CSNP, with an average diameter of 60 to 100 nm, is confirmed by FESEM, TEM, and DLS analyses. FTIR and XRD analyses validate the successful fabrication and multifunctional properties of PYR incorporated into the CSNP matrix. The drug-loaded CSNP exhibits improved thermal stability, displaying decomposition between 200-400°C, indicating higher temperature resistance and greater weight loss compared to the CSNP carrier due to PYR inclusion. Drug release studies show sustained release behaviour, with 90-99% release in an acidic (pH 4.8) buffer solution over seven days, following a pseudo-second-order model. Moreover, the CS-PYR nanocarrier demonstrates superior efficacy against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, attributed to drug intercalation resulting in larger inhibition zones. Cytotoxicity assessments for CS-PYR indicate 80% cell viability in MRC5 cells, underscoring the nanocarrier's potential as a safe and effective TB treatment delivery system without adversely affecting normal cells. These findings position CS-PYR as a promising nanodelivery system for TB therapy, offering enhanced precision in drug delivery and safety.