Recent worldwide initiatives at world heritage forums, especially UNESCO, have increased the importance of architectural heritage. Architectural heritage includes built structures that are of outstanding value of natural and cultural identity and require conservation, preservation, presentation and transmission to the future generations. In this regard, UNESCO has enlisted six World Heritage Sites in Pakistan that need to be preserved. Moreover, the heritage sites are undergoing theft, vandalism, natural decay and other socio-cultural harms. One of the state-of-the-art methodologies is the digital preservation of the historic sites. Amongst the various available computer technologies, photogrammetry is the quickest and most cost-effective method that can be used for digital preservation. The research will focus on the digital preservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which is an emerging trend in an architectural context. Developing countries have limited funds and resources and most historic sites are being neglected by the lack of financial resources. The paper suggests digital preservation as an emerging solution, identifies its challenges and suggests photogrammetry as a cost-effective solution to six UNESCO enlisted historic sites of Pakistan. It also suggests that once digitally recorded, information of historic sites can also be used in diverse applications to generate further finances.

Employees spend 8 h of the day with a minimum of 40 h a week in offices. The office design, furniture and ventilation modes cause high energy consumption, pollutants and sick building syndrome amongst employees. Based on ASHRAE standards and WHO guidelines, the study evaluated offices for the temperature, humidity, PM _2.5 , CO ₂ and employees’ subjective assessment. The offices met humidity standards except for the Punjab Civil Secretariat (PCS) (61.9%, ± 0.1) and the Directorate of Public Instruction (54.1%, ± 0.3) in the summer and winter respectively. The concentrations of CO ₂ in offices were unhealthy for both seasons except the PCS (697.3 ppm, ± 9.2) and Punjab Skill Development Authority (838.9 ppm, ± 13.3). The mean PM _2.5 concentration for offices was unhealthy during summer (28.4–53.7 μg/m ³ ) and hazardous in winter (178–233.7 μg/m ³ ). The one-way ANOVA of employees’ subjective assessment showed that the results were significant ( p < 0.05) for indoor air quality, thermal comfort satisfaction, preference, health effect, filtration and wind catcher preference, for two seasons and within ventilation modes. The familiarity with wind catcher designs was insignificant ( p > 0.05) but employees preferred their modern applications. The comfort indexes showed that the Governor House (PMV -0.04, PPD 5%) met the thermal comfort standards during winter.

Architecture is the art, and science of the built environment, where a multidisciplinary approach is prevalent. The paper tends to clarify architecture and explain its etymological meaning for an architectural student, practicing professional architect, and academic person. The paper suggests an archetype model using a combination of various logical terminologies that lead to the design of exquisitely defined words in human history. The manuscript relates each principal keyword as self-expressive for ARCHITECTURE. The research is based on the literal analysis of diverse content that covers the wider scope and application of architecture in qualitative research design. The note-taking series from different manuscripts that identify key areas in the field of ARCHITECTURE and their corresponding connection with each acronym was studied. The emerging themes consist of various parameters and help make strong arguments for the archetype model. The twelve emerging themes have been mapped using the mind-mapping technique in network diagrams. In the end, an archetype is explained, linking the connection of all keywords that prioritize the link with different aspects of architecture. Each letter refers to a specific term as A- Anthropometry, R-Responsive, C-Construction, H-History, I-Inspiration, T-Technology, E-Environment, C-Culture, T-Transformation, U-Utility, R-Resources, E-Economy. The author took help from the literature to reinforce the concept. In the end, an archetype is explained, linking the connection of all keywords with different aspects of architecture. The views expressed in the manuscript are based on a review analysis of existing information in the architectural discipline. It was difficult to include expert opinions due to the limitation of time and cost, and a more rigorous study can be planned later. The paper is based on the framework to benefit architectural students, academic people, and practicing architects and professionals about the range of approaches in ARCHITECTURE. Besides many definitions to expound, elucidate and clarify Architecture, the paper is novel in the approach of explaining the word ARCHITECTURE from a diverse perspective. Each letter has been an acronym with a term covering all significant aspects.