Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica, Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia, Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium, Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil, Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada, Cuphophyllus bondii fromagrassland. Croatia, Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus, Amanita exilis oncalcareoussoil. Czech Republic, Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark, Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceousdebris. Dominican Republic, Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica) , Inocybe corsica onwetground. France (French Guiana) , Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. Germany, Paramicrothecium sambuci (incl. Paramicrothecium gen. nov.)ondeadstemsof Sambucus nigra. India, Aureobasidium microtermitis from the gut of a Microtermes sp. termite, Laccaria diospyricola on soil and Phylloporia tamilnadensis on branches of Catunaregam spinosa. Iran, Pythium serotinoosporum from soil under Prunus dulcis. Italy, Pluteus brunneovenosus on twigs of broad leaved trees on the ground. Japan, Heterophoma rehmanniae on leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Kazakhstan, Murispora kazachstanica from healthy roots of Triticum aestivum. Namibia, Caespitomonium euphorbiae (incl. Caespitomonium gen. nov.)from stems of an Euphorbia sp. Netherlands, Alfaria junci, Myrmecridium junci, Myrmecridium juncicola, Myrmecridium juncigenum, Ophioceras junci, Paradinemasporium junci (incl. Paradinemasporium gen. nov.), Phialoseptomonium junci, Sporidesmiella juncicola, Xenopyricularia junci and Zaanenomyces quadripartis (incl. Zaanenomyces gen. nov.), fromdeadculmsof Juncus effusus, Cylindromonium everniae and Rhodoveronaea everniae from Evernia prunastri, Cyphellophora sambuci and Myrmecridium sambuci from Sambucus nigra, Kiflimonium junci, Saro cladium junci, Zaanenomyces moderatricis academiae and Zaanenomyces versatilis from dead culms of Juncus inflexus, Microcera physciae from Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium dactylidis from dead culms of Dactylis glomerata, Neochalara spiraeae and Sporidesmium spiraeae from leaves of Spiraea japonica, Neofabraea salicina from Salix sp., Paradissoconium narthecii (incl. Paradissoconium gen. nov.)from dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Polyscytalum vaccinii from Vaccinium myrtillus, Pseudosoloacrosporiella cryptomeriae (incl. Pseudosoloacrosporiella gen. nov.)fromleavesof Cryptomeria japonica, Ramularia pararhabdospora from Plantago lanceolata, Sporidesmiella pini from needles of Pinus sylvestris and Xenoacrodontium juglandis (incl. Xenoacrodontium gen. nov. and Xenoacrodontiaceae fam. nov.)from Juglans regia. New Zealand, Cryptometrion metrosideri from twigs of Metrosideros sp., Coccomyces pycnophyllocladi from dead leaves of Phyllocladus alpinus, Hypoderma aliforme from fallen leaves Fuscopora solandri and Hypoderma subiculatum from dead leaves Phormium tenax. Norway, Neodevriesia kalakoutskii from permafrost and Variabilispora viridis from driftwood of Picea abies. Portugal, Entomortierella hereditatis from abio film covering adeteriorated limestone wall. Russia, Colpoma junipericola from needles of Juniperus sabina, Entoloma cinnamomeum on soil in grasslands, Entoloma verae on soil in grasslands, Hyphodermella pallidostraminea on a dry dead branch of Actinidia sp., Lepiota sayanensis onlitterinamixedforest, Papiliotrema horticola from Malus communis , Paramacroventuria ribis (incl. Paramacroventuria gen. nov.)fromleaves of Ribes aureum and Paramyrothecium lathyri from leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus. South Africa, Harzia combreti from leaf litter of Combretum collinum ssp. sulvense, Penicillium xyleborini from Xyleborinus saxesenii , Phaeoisaria dalbergiae from bark of Dalbergia armata, Protocreopsis euphorbiae from leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens and Roigiella syzygii from twigs of Syzygium chordatum. Spain, Genea zamorana on sandy soil, Gymnopus nigrescens on Scleropodium touretii, Hesperomyces parexochomi on Parexochomus quadriplagiatus, Paraphoma variabilis from dung, Phaeococcomyces kinklidomatophilus from a blackened metal railing of an industrial warehouse and Tuber suaveolens in soil under Quercus faginea. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Inocybe nivea associated with Salix polaris. Thailand, Biscogniauxia whalleyi oncorticatedwood. UK, Parasitella quercicola from Quercus robur. USA , Aspergillus arizonicus from indoor air in a hospital, Caeliomyces tampanus (incl. Caeliomyces gen. nov.)fromoffice dust, Cippumomyces mortalis (incl. Cippumomyces gen. nov.)fromatombstone, Cylindrium desperesense from air in a store, Tetracoccosporium pseudoaerium from air sample in house, Toxicocladosporium glendoranum from air in a brick room, Toxicocladosporium losalamitosense from air in a classroom, Valsonectria portsmouthensis from airinmen'slockerroomand Varicosporellopsis americana from sludge in a water reservoir. Vietnam, Entoloma kovalenkoi on rotten wood, Fusarium chuoi inside seed of Musa itinerans , Micropsalliota albofelina on soil in tropical evergreen mixed forest sand Phytophthora docyniae from soil and roots of Docynia indica. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Fungal trunk diseases (FTDs) have been a significant threat to the global stone fruit industry. FTDs are caused by a consortium of wood-decaying fungi. These fungi colonize woody tissues, causing cankers, dieback, and other decline-related symptoms in host plants. In this study, a detailed screening of the fungal microbiota associated with the decline of stone fruit trees in the Czech Republic was performed. The wood fragments of plum and apricot trees showing symptoms of FTDs were subjected to fungal isolation. The partial internal transcribed spacer region, partial beta-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes were amplified from genomic DNA extracted from fungal cultures. All isolates were classified, and the taxonomic placement of pathogenic strains was illustrated in phylogenetic trees. The most abundant pathogenic genus was Dactylonectria (31%), followed by Biscogniauxia (13%), Thelonectria (10%), Eutypa (9%), Dothiorella (7%), Diplodia (6%), and Diaporthe (6%). The most frequent endophytic genus was Aposphaeria (17%). The pathogenicity of six fungal species (Cadophora daguensis, Collophorina africana, Cytospora sorbicola, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Eutypa lata, and E. petrakii var. petrakii) to four Prunus spp. was evaluated, and Koch’s postulates were fulfilled. All tested isolates caused lesions on at least one Prunus sp. The most aggressive species was E. lata, which caused the largest lesions on all four tested Prunus spp., followed by E. petrakii var. petrakii and D. sarmentorum. Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) and almond (P. amygdalus) were the most susceptible hosts, while apricot (P. armeniaca) was the least susceptible host in the pathogenicity trial.

During a study of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in the Czech Republic, a collection of 22 Botryosphaeriaceae-like strains were isolated from four cultivars (Blaufränkisch, Pálava, Pinot Noir, and Welschriesling) in four distinct vineyards. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data (ITS, tub2, and tef), four species were identified: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila, D. seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum. These species are reported for the first time from grapevine in the Czech Republic. Relationships between vascular lesions and particular species were highlighted in this study. Diplodia seriata was the most frequently isolated species, present in all four sampled cultivars, while D. mutila was the least frequent, present only in ‘Pálava’. The cultivar Pinot Noir was the most tolerant host for Botryosphaeriaceae fungi.

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is considered to be a causal agent of Grapevine Leaf Mottling and Deformation (GLMD) disease that has been reported worldwide through the grapevine-growing regions. Seven grapevines that were collected from a vineyard in the Czech Republic were tested for the presence of GPGV in leaf and phloem tissues. Each of the seven grapevines was infected by GPGV, from which sic symptoms were mostly shown without a typical mottling. The phylogeny based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and movement/coat protein sequences indicated the same origin of the GPGV isolates. The GPGV titer was the highest in the grapevines with the highest GLMD-like symptoms; however, some of the grapevines with milder GLMD-like symptoms had a lower GPGV titer than the asymptomatic grapevine. Soil analysis showed uneven boron content in the direct vicinity of the grapevines, while the boron content in the grapevines was more, even showing no boron deficiency. The quantitative analysis of selected gene expressions associated with boron efflux and transport only partially explained the boron content in the soil and grapevines and only in the grapevines growing in soils with the highest or lowest boron contents. The VvBor2 and VvNIP5 genes had a higher expression and VvNIP6 had a lower expression in the grapevine growing in the soil with the lowest boron content, while a low expression of VvBor1 and VvBor2 was observed in the grapevine that was grown in the soil with the highest boron content.

During a survey of endophytic fungi associated with ornamental plants in the Czech Republic, Paecilomyces-like strains were isolated from the root of Clematis. Analyses based on a combined internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub2) and calmodulin (CaM) sequence data matrix were applied to infer the phylogenetic position of these isolates. The novel species is characterized by phialides with a cylindrical basal portion tapering to a thin long neck producing pyriform conidia in chains. The new species is introduced with comprehensive descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree herein. Two primer pairs targeting the partial CaM gene, cm1F/cm1R and cm2F/cm2R, were designed in this study.