Edge detection and depth estimation techniques are very important step in the interpretation of magnetic anomalies. In this paper, the fast Fourier transform is applied to show the regional and residual sources. Different edge detection processes, for example, tilt angle derivative and its total horizontal derivative as well as 3D-Euler deconvolution, can determine the edges of these sources. These techniques were carried out on the aeromagnetic data of Galala El Bahariya Plateau. The estimated Euler solutions were plotted on the tilt angle derivative map. A good correlation was noticed between these techniques indicating that both of them can be attributed in delineating the general structural framework of the area. These techniques indicated that the Eastern part of Galala El Bahariya Plateau was highly affected by the Gulf of Suez rifting system. Whereas, the western parts of this plateau was slightly affected by the Gulf rifting system. Furthermore, the old Tethyan trend was maintained in both regional and residual components. The depth estimation was applied using analytic signal and Source Parameter imaging techniques. These depth methods show comparable results. The depth to the top of the basement sources ranges from 240 to about 4340 m.

Shear zones play an essential role in controlling the distribution of ore resources, including Au and associated mineral deposits. Our study integrates aeromagnetic, structural, and remote sensing (RS) data to analyze the geodynamics, tectonics, and mineral potentiality of the Safaga-Semna shear belt (SSSB), Eastern Desert, Egypt. Improved logistic (IL) and Logistic function of the total horizontal gradient advanced edge techniques are applied to reduced-to-pole (RTP) data and upward continuation (UPWC) of RTP at depths of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 km, allowing the outlining of shallow and deep structural elements. The application of Landsat-8 imagery, Sentinel-2B color composites, and Sentinel-1A SAR data is essential for the processes of lithological and alteration mapping, as well as for the extraction of lineaments. This methodology reveals a significant correlation between the distribution of alteration zones, the density of lineaments, and the presence of gold deposits. The Safaga-Semna shear belt (SSSB) represents a multifaceted assemblage of rock units characterized by diverse deformation attributes. The most significantly deformed rocks consist of volcaniclastic metasediments and Hammamat sediments, whereas the least deformed group encompasses metavolcanic rocks, meta gabbro-diorite, and synorogenic granites. Notably, the central area of the belt displays intense deformation, with north–south shearing and folding predominantly affecting the volcaniclastic metasediments and metavolcanics. The SSSB has experienced four major deformation phases, designated as D1, D2, and D3. Shear zones striking northwest exert an influence on gold quartz veins located in Semna, Rodriun, and Massaghat, while north–south shear zones play a critical role in controlling gold mineralization across Gidami, Abu Marawat, Mirinda, and Abu Gaharish gold mines. Our multidisciplinary integrated approach highlights the tectonic evolution of SSSB and its implications for exploring mineralization. By integrating aeromagnetic, structural, and RS data, this study provides a detailed interpretation of the tectonic development and structural controls on mineralization. The results underscore the potential of integrating multiscale geological and geophysical datasets to improve our understanding of shear zones and associated mineralization processes.

Advanced geophysical techniques are used on Bouguer gravity data to unravel the structural complexity of the Eastern Desert (ED). Using methods such as tilt angle (TA), enhanced horizontal gradient amplitude (EHGA), lineament analysis, and 2D crustal modeling, we are able to differentiate between deep and shallow gravity sources and delineate the area’s geologic features. Using fast Fourier transform, positive and negative anomalies are identified. The positive anomalies are interpreted as uplifted block, anticline features, or intrusive occurrences of denser rocks, whereas the negative anomalies are interpreted as downfaulted blocks, providing crucial insights. Lineament analysis suggests that the predominant tectonic force that shaped the area is in the northwest direction. Integration of TA and EHGA reveals nuanced structural patterns. The constructed structural map indicates a network of uplifted and downfaulted blocks intersected by strike-slip faults with a northeast trend. The 2D crustal modeling illustrates the diverse composition of granitic and basaltic rocks, with a discernible thinning of the continental crust toward the Red Sea offshore area. This significantly advances the understanding of the ED’s geologic evolution, offering valuable insights into the tectonic processes and crustal dynamics.

Among all geophysical techniques, electrical resistivity and magnetic surveying as an integrative approach has been used widely for archaeological prospection at different scales of investigations. In this study, DC resistivity (1D vertical sounding and/2D/3D ERT) and magnetic surveys (total and gradient) as a multi-scale approach was applied in a highly terraneous archaeological site (Tell) with a case study to characterize and image the various archaeological assets at different depths with different spatial resolutions. Four critical zones of great interest within the considered Tell were surveyed. At the heart of the study area, three layers were depicted clearly from 1D resistivity sounding. A thick conductive zone of mostly clay is sandwiched between two resistive layers. The topmost layer contains construction debris (dated back to the Islamic Era), whereas the deeper layer could be related to Gezira sand on which the probable Pharaonic temple was constructed. A long 2D ERT profile using Wenner Beta (WB) and Dipole–Dipole (DD) arrays with a 5-m electrode spacing identified shallow high resistivity anomalies that could be related to construction ruins from fired bricks. Additionally, it succeeded in imaging the turtleback-shaped deeper resistive layer of mostly sand. At an elevated rim to the east and west of the Tell, total and vertical magnetic gradient maps clearly delineated different archaeological structures: the walls of the rooms of ancient Islamic settlers and the walls of water tanks from the Byzantine Era. Magnetic modeling assuming 2.5-dimensional magnetic models constrained by the 2D ERT inversion models could be used to create a realistic representation of the buried structures. Toward the northern part of the Tell, the joint application of the quasi-3D ERT inversion scheme and the magnetic survey revealed an anomaly of a well-defined geometric shape of an archaeological interest thought to be a crypt or water cistern based on nearby archaeological evidence. The overall results of the geophysical survey integrated with the image of some partially excavated parts provided the archaeologists with a comprehensive and realistic view of the subsurface antiquities at the study area.

The estimation of the Curie point depth (CPD) and heat flow (HF) from magnetic data is useful for geothermal and tectonic studies. However, the methodology of estimating these values is still controversial as numerous studies have used different types of transformed magnetic data. Most studies utilize the total magnetic intensity (TMI) or the reduced to the pole (RTP) data, and since shallow magnetic bodies may affect the final CPD values, low-pass (LP) wavelength filtering has also been used to estimate the CPD. In this study, the two-dimensional radially averaged spectral analysis was applied to the land-based magnetic data from the Sinai Peninsula. TMI and RTP data were both analyzed, using different LP filtered wavelengths, and the final CPD and HF values were compared. The cut-off wavelength parameter was selected in terms of the geologic complexity. The results show that the estimated CPD values are well correlated regardless of whether the magnetic data were either TMI or RTP. The RTP data produced a spatial shift in the CPD smaller than the window size being used. Additionally, the centroid method is primarily dependent on the wavenumber, which varied slightly on applying the RTP. There were slight differences in the estimated CPDs when a short LP filter (e.g., 20 km) was applied, whereas increasing the wavelength (e.g., 40 km) caused the CPD values to increase exceeding the plausible depth limits, and the associated spatial trends varied when compared to the other methods. In areas where the basement rocks were shallow or exposed, a LP filter can be applied with short cut-off wavelength. The estimated CPDs were discussed in the context of seismicity data, gravity-based Moho depths, and HF measurements.