Role of Sustainable Forest Management in Poverty Reduction and Livelihood Improvement in Sudan: A Review

While the human population is increasing globally, the sustainability of ecosystem services is declining. Okalma Natural Forest Reserve in Sudan hosts high woody plant species richness that support ecosystem services, soil health, and local livelihood. This study aims to assess the relationship between woody plant species richness, carbon stock, dendrometric features, soil chemical properties, recreation services, and income sources. Data were collected from 178 circular sample plots with a radius of 17.84 m (area of 1000 m³ each) along 17 transect lines, complemented by 510 questionnaires and soil analysis. We recorded 30 woody species (tree and shrubs), with species richness positively correlated with carbon stock (R² = 0.88), tree height (R² = 0.82) and recreation preferences (R² = 0.90), but negatively correlated with soil sodium and nitrogen (R² = - 0.91). Importance value index (IVI), basal area, and seedling density varied significantly (P < 0.05) among sites. Outdoor recreation activities such as enjoying fresh air and forest fruit were preferred over hunting and games. However, the high dependence on non-timber forest products highlights the need for sustainable use and industrialization of these resources. We recommend conserving species with low density, enhancing recreation facilities, and maintaining soil health for sustainable management of the reserve.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) is considered as one of the valuable tree species in Sudan. This study interrogated different actors involved in B. aegyptiaca value chain to estimate the gross margins associated with their segments. The study was conducted during season 2019 in Sheikan Locality, North Kordofan State in Sudan, and involved 86 household head (10% of the population). Results indicated that value chain actors of B. aegyptiaca included fruit collectors, village traders, city merchants, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Based on gross margins, the wholesalers were the most benefited (36.4%) in the chain, followed by village traders (33.4%), city merchants (17.6%), collectors (9.65%) and lastly retailers (2.94%). It is clear that B. aegyptiaca value chain is mostly influenced by actors at local level.