The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks. This study evaluated the performance of the W-D15 test using an iPad. Fifty-nine color normal and 61 color vision defect subjects participated. Participants were screened based on the Ishihara, City University Test, and Waggoner PIP24 tests. Different failure criteria of the D15 tests were considered. The pass/failure agreement between the two tests was relatively appropriate, with a κ -coefficient ≥ 0.8 , for all failure criteria. The W-D15 could be an appropriate substitute for F-D15 using an iPad.

PURPOSE: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered as a motor disorder that affects some Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients; however, sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. The pupil light reflex (PLR) is a reliable measure of the autonomic nervous system. Different dilation and constriction pupil parameters may be used to investigate the integrity of the autonomic nervous system in PD patients with and without FOG symptoms. This study aimed to look at the integrity of autonomic nervous system and to investigate the nonmotor functions mediated by the cholinergic system in Parkinson’s patients with and without FOG symptoms. METHODS: Constriction and dilation pupil light reflexes were measured by using a handheld pupillometer. Twenty-two patients with FOG symptoms, 25 patients without FOG symptoms, and 25 aged-matched healthy controls participated in this study. RESULTS: The results showed that most of the constriction parameters and dilation latency of both patient groups differed significantly from healthy controls. FOG patients showed larger pupil size under light condition and larger deficits in constriction latency than nonFOG patients. Both the groups of PD patients had longer dilation latencies than healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the cholinergic autonomic nervous system is affected in PD patients more than the adrenergic system. FOG patients had larger impairments in nondopaminergic mediated functions such as pupil light reflexes, which suggests that FOG patients have greater impairment in functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters.

Traditional color vision tests lack the sensitivity to detect subtle differences in individuals with normal color vision. The Konan ColorDx Cone Contrast Threshold (CCT) HD test allows the quantitative measurement of color discrimination thresholds for each cone type. This cross-sectional study established normative values for L-, M-, and S-cone contrast sensitivities and evaluated the effects of age and sex on color discrimination thresholds. Participants aged 15–79 years with normal color vision were included (n = 216; 55% female). CCTs were measured monocularly using the Konan ColorDx CCT HD test under standardized conditions, and the influences of age and sex on L-, M-, and S-cone sensitivities were evaluated. In all groups, L-cone sensitivity was the highest, followed by the M- and S-cone sensitivities. Overall contrast sensitivity was significantly higher in females than in males (mean difference = −0.041), especially for adolescents and young adults (20–24 years). Young adults outperformed middle-aged and older adults, with age-related decline most pronounced for S-cone sensitivity in those over 60. The right and left eye sensitivities did not differ. This study provides age- and sex-stratified normative data for the Konan Color Dx CCT HD test, supporting its use for clinical and occupational assessments.

This work expands on our previous comparison of the Konan–Waggoner D15 (KW-D15) and Farnsworth D15 (F-D15). Sixty subjects with normal color vision and 68 subjects with a red–green color vision defect participated in the study. The KW-D15 had good agreement with the F-D15 for both pass/fail and classification across all failure criteria. The agreement was slightly better if subjects had to pass on 2/3 trials compared with just the first trial. The KW-D15 is an adequate substitute for the F-D15, with the caveat that the KW-D15 might be slightly easier to pass than the F-D15 for deutans.