Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃ NPs) were synthesized using a simple, eco-friendly green synthesis approach in an alkaline medium from the extract of grapefruit peel waste. The pre-synthesized, nano-crystalline Al₂O₃ NPs were characterized by using spectroscopic (UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, and EDX) and microscopic (SEM and TEM) techniques. The formed Al₂O₃ NPs exhibited a pronounced absorption peak at 278 nm in the UV–vis spectrum. The average particle size of the as-prepared Al₂O₃ NPs was evaluated to be 57.34 nm, and the atomic percentages of O and Al were found to be 54.58 and 45.54, respectively. The fabricated Al₂O₃ NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The Al₂O₃ NPs showed strong antioxidant potential towards all the four tested assays. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of Al₂O₃ NPs was investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O₂^•−), as well as proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α, IL-6) and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB). The results revealed that Al₂O₃ NPs inhibited the production of O₂^•− (99.4%) at 100 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations and intracellular NO^•− (55%), proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (83.3%), and TNF-α (87.9%) at 50 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations, respectively. Additionally, the Al₂O₃ NPs inhibited 41.8% of nuclear factor kappa B at 20 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations. Overall, the outcomes of current research studies indicated that Al₂O₃ NPs possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and could be used to treat chronic and acute anti-inflammatory conditions.

Background. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) have been fabricated by several approaches, including green chemistry approach due to diverse application and versatile features. Objectives. The current study aimed to prepare a convenient, biocompatible, and economically viable MgONPs using waste citron peel extract (CP‐MgONPs) to evaluate their biological applications. Methods. The CP‐MgONPs were synthesized by a sustainable approach from extract of waste citron peel both as capping and reducing agents without use of any hazardous material. The physicochemical features of formed CP‐MgONPs were determined by sophisticated analytical and microscopic techniques. The biogenic CP‐MgONPs were examined for their antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and photocatalytic attributes. Results. A prominent absorption peak in the UV‐Vis spectra at 284 nm was the distinguishing characteristic of the CP‐MgONPs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals polyhedral morphology of nanoparticles with slight agglomeration of CP‐MgONPs. The CP‐MgONPs exerted excellent antibacterial potencies against six bacterial strains. The CP‐MgONPs displayed significant susceptibility towards E. coli (20.72 ± 0.33 mm) and S. aureus (19.52 ± 0.05 mm) with the highest inhibition zones. The anticancer effect of CP‐MgONPs was evaluated against HepG2 (IC₅₀ : 15.3 μg·mL⁻¹) cancer cells and exhibited potential anticancer activity. A prompt inversion of cellular injury manifested as impairment of the integrity of the cell membrane, apoptosis, and oxidative stress was observed in treated cells with CP‐MgONPs. The biosynthesized CP‐MgONPs also conducted successful photocatalytic potential as much as MgO powder under the UV‐light using acid orange 8 (AO‐8) dye. The degradation performance of CP‐MgONPs showed over 94% photocatalytic degradation efficiency of acid orange 8 (AO‐8) dyes within a short time.​ Conclusions. Outcomes of this research signify that biogenic CP‐MgONPs may be advantageous at low concentrations, with positive environmental impacts.

The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks. This study evaluated the performance of the W-D15 test using an iPad. Fifty-nine color normal and 61 color vision defect subjects participated. Participants were screened based on the Ishihara, City University Test, and Waggoner PIP24 tests. Different failure criteria of the D15 tests were considered. The pass/failure agreement between the two tests was relatively appropriate, with a κ -coefficient ≥ 0.8 , for all failure criteria. The W-D15 could be an appropriate substitute for F-D15 using an iPad.

To measure anterior segment parameters of the eye in myopic Saudi population using Pentacam. This is retrospective cross-sectional study. Subjects were divided into three groups: low, moderate and high myopia groups. Anterior segment parameters including: central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), apex corneal thickness (Apex CT), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and corneal astigmatism (CA) were measured by Pentacam. A total of 504 eyes of 252 Saudi subjects with myopia were included in this study. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of subjects was 28.73 ± 6.18 years. The mean CCT, TCT, Apex CT, CV, ACD, ACV and CA for all myopic subjects were 557.21 ± 29.36, 554.09 ± 29.28, 556.10 ± 37.06, 61.30 ± 3.23 μm, 3.31 ± 0.27 mm, 211.15 ± 34.22 mm3 and 0.89 ± 0.52 D, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between right and left eyes in all anterior segment parameters of all myopic eyes. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in ACD between low (3.27 ± 0.26 mm) and moderate (3.35 ± 0.30 mm) myopic groups. Within low myopia group, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in ACD, ACV and CA between different genders. Anterior chamber depth and ACV values were lower in females while CA was lower in males. In addition, significant positive correlation was found between ACV and ACD in all myopic groups. This study provided valuable measurements of the anterior segments parameters of the eye in myopic Saudi population. These parameters could be useful for ophthalmic practitioners in the clinic.

Purpose: To assess visual function and Vision-related Quality of Life (VRQOL) in female contact lens wearers with Dry Eye Syndrome in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Saudi Females subjects with and without DES (contact lens wearer [CLW] and Non-contact lens wearers [NCLW]) aged between 16 and 35 years were included in this study. Subjects were recruited from female campus at King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, KSA. Measurements include corneal topography, visual acuity (VA), autorefraction, contrast sensitivity (CS), Schirmer's test and Tear breakup test (TBUT) were performed on all subjects. In addition, corneal thickness was measured using Pentacam HR to compare between the total corneal thickness (TCT) in DES and Non-DES groups. Contact Lens Impact on Quality of Life (CLIQ) Questionnaire was used to assess VRQOL. Visual functions and VRQOL were compared between groups (contact lens (CL) and NCLW) using SPSS program version 23 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: A total of 100 subjects with DES (n = 44 including 25 CLW and 19 NCLW), and non-DES (n = 56 including 17 CLW and 39 NCLW) were included in this study. The mean age of participants with DES was 21.39 years and was 20.96 years of participants Non-DES. There were no significant different in VA, CS, and TCT between subjects DES and Non-DES (P > 0.05), which indicates that dryness have no effect on the visual function and TCT. Contact lens wearers had higher score on convince, economic and psychological items than NCLW. Within CL group, subjects with DES had higher score on convince and psychological items. Similarly, within DES group, subjects who wore CL had higher score on convince and psychological items. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that dryness may has no effect on visual function in both CLW and NCLW. Psychological and convenience domains of VRQOL were negatively affect in Saudi female patients with DES specially who wear CL.