This study assessed the willingness to pay (WTP), influencing factors, and preferences for HPV vaccine in different regions of China to support pricing and financing strategies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted across three provinces. The Vaccine Health Literacy Scale was used to measure vaccine literacy. Iterative bidding games investigated the WTP for 2/4/9-valent vaccines (domestic/imported). Tobit model was used to identify factors influencing WTP, while discrete choice experiment with 12 choice tasks evaluated preferences across five vaccine attributes: protective efficacy (69.1% vs. 92%), origin (domestic vs. imported), price (¥0-4,000), adverse event rate (low vs. high), and vaccination site (community clinic vs. hospital). An information intervention was introduced to explore the impact of information on consumer choices. 783 (99.49%) respondents were willing to vaccinate their children, with high average vaccine literacy among the overall population. The mean WTP for imported 2-valent, 4-valent and 9-valent vaccines were ¥1,929.39, ¥2,507.24, and ¥3,867.90 respectively, and ¥1035.83, ¥2,073.70, and ¥3,350.03 for domestic vaccine. WTP was positively correlated with income, vaccination attitude, and vaccine literacy, and inversely correlated with age (p < .01). Price was the most critical determinant. Consumers strongly preferred for high protective efficacy, imported, low price, low adverse event rate, and vaccination at community clinic. The information intervention did not significantly affect choice preferences (p > .05). WTP was higher than the market price, particularly for imported and higher-valent vaccines. Age, family income, vaccination attitude, and vaccine literacy were the main factors influencing the WTP. Consumers were inclined to choose vaccines that maximized their utility satisfaction and balanced the cost and safety.

The effective implementation of vaccination heavily depends on the society's willingness to pay (WTP). There is currently a dearth of comprehensive evidence about WTP for vaccines in China. This systematic review aims to review studies on the WTP for vaccines, to summarize factors affect WTP in China. Base-case analysis and Sensitivity analysis of WTP for every vaccine were estimated via single-arm Bayesian meta-analysis. A total of 28 studies were included for systematic review. The point estimates and 95% Credible Interval of pooled WTP for influenza and HPV (9-valent) vaccine were $27.409 (23.230, 31.486), $464.707 (441.355, 489.456). Influencing factors to WTP were age, income, peer influence, health condition and etc. Future research should give focus to improving sample representativeness and survey tool, conducting intervention trials, identifying effective methods to promote WTP.

Intergenerational transmission refers to the transfer of occupations, knowledge, or skills across generations. There is a consensus in the medical field that children of doctors are more likely to want to become doctors and that doctors from medical families are more likely to be trusted by their patients. This study explores the current state of intergenerational transmission in Chinese medical universities and its impact on students’ academic and professional development, which towards more supportive policies for medical manpower development in low- and middle-income countries. A survey was conducted among 434 students at the universities of Chinese medicine in Beijing and Nanjing. This study assessed the prevalence of intergenerational transmission and its influence on student competencies in medical thinking, practice, and innovation. Approximately 18.66% of the students reported intergenerational inheritance of medicine, with 10.37% from direct lineage, 5.07% from collateral lineage, and 3.23% from other relatives. A majority (77.88%) of the respondents believed that doctors’ family backgrounds positively impacted the learning and growth of medical students. Students with direct or collateral intergenerational inheritance demonstrated significantly higher innovation ability ( $$\:{\chi\:}^{2}$$ =12.28, p < 0.05) and medical thinking skills (Coefficient = 9.52,p < 0.05) compared to those without such backgrounds. Regional factors and family inheritance influence students’ overall competencies in medical studies. Nearly one in five students had a family background in medicine, and most recognized its positive impact on their learning. Intergenerational transmission enhances innovation and medical thinking among students. Medical universities should incorporate intergenerational experiences into their training programs and encourage cross-cultural and intergenerational exchanges to develop students’ critical thinking skills, practical skills, and innovation capacities.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is reshaping medical education while fostering technological dependence among students. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase, an empirical analysis was conducted using survey data collected from a sample of 1295 Chinese medical students. The subsequent qualitative phase involved thematic analysis of interview transcripts from 16 medical educators to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Findings reveal that GenAI was deeply integrated into medical students' daily learning routines. Tool selection favored general-purpose platforms, whereas specialist medical tools exhibited exceptionally low utilization rates. The clinical application possibilities remained below 20% across all situations. With an overall dependency score of 21.91 ± 6.75, over 60% of students reported dependence on GenAI. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated performance expectancy, academic pressure, and social influence showed significant positive correlations with GenAI dependency. Conversely, critical thinking exhibited a significant negative correlation. Future medical education should strategically reposition GenAI as a "cognitive scaffold" by reinforcing critical thinking and establishing standardized usage guidelines to facilitate high-quality development.

Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), burdened with a high incidence of cervical cancer, often face challenges in implementing National Immunization Pr

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide, and persistent infection can cause cervical, penile, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers. Th...