The application of epoxy adhesive is widespread in electronic packaging. Epoxy adhesives can be integrated with various types of nanoparticles for enhancing thermal conductivity. The joints with thermally conductive adhesive (TCA) are preferred for research and advances in thermal management. Many studies have been conducted to increase the thermal conductivity of epoxy-based TCAs by conductive fillers. This paper reviews and summarizes recent advances of these available fillers in TCAs that contribute to electronic packaging. It also covers the challenges of using the filler as a nano-composite. Moreover, the review reveals a broad scope for future research, particularly on thermal management by nanoparticles and improving bonding strength in electronic packaging.

In this paper, the discrete phase model (DPM) was introduced to study the fuel injector cavitations process and the macro spray characteristic of three different types of nozzle spray shape with diesel and hybrid biofuel blend for several injection pressures and backpressures. The three types of nozzle spray shapes used were circle, elliptical A type, and elliptical B type. The cavitations’ flows inside the injector nozzles were simulated with Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using the cavitations mixture approach. The effect of nozzle spray shape towards the spray characteristic of hybrid biofuel blends is analyzed and compared with the standard diesel. Furthermore, a verification and validation from both the experimental results and numerical results are also presented. The nozzle flow simulation results indicated that the fuel type did not affect the cavitation area vastly, but were more dependent on the nozzle spray shape. In addition, the spray width of the elliptical nozzle shape was higher as compared to the circular spray. Moreover, as the backpressure increased, the spray width downstream increased as well. The spray tip penetration for the elliptical nozzle shape was shorter than the circular nozzle shape due to circular nozzles having smaller nozzle widths and lesser spray cone angles. Thus, this resulted in smaller aerodynamic drag.

This paper is a comprehensive numerical investigation of the optimization of thermal management systems of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) through the synergistic integration of phase change materials (PCMs) and fin geometries. The paper is tailored to investigate four various thermal management configurations: a bare battery, a battery with fins, a battery with PCMs, and a hybrid PCM-fin system at various discharge rates (2C and 3C). The results of this work prove that fins and PCMs separately also contribute to substantial temperature reductions, with fins mostly augmenting convective heat transfer and PCMs storing huge latent heat during phase change. Importantly, the bare battery experienced maximum temperatures of 51.6 °C at 2C and 84.8 °C at 3C. Fins alone lowered temperatures by as much as 36.8% at 2C and 50.5% at 3C. Integrating PCM alone achieved cooling drops of 32.9% at 2C and 51.24% at 3C. The hybrid PCM-fin system proved to be more effective, with maximum cooling drops up to 55.3% at 3C discharge and effectively maintaining battery surface temperatures below 35 °C even under extended operation. Furthermore, the research elucidates the central role of the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) and ambient temperature on system performance and PCM melting kinetics. A good design employing 4 fins with PCM was discovered, which offered a good compromise between thermal performance and practical concerns like mass and complexity. This research presents extremely valuable findings for the design and implementation of efficient and long-lasting thermal management technologies, which are significant for enhancing the safety, performance, and longevity of LIBs in power-demanding applications like electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage.