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Eugenio Sanz Pérez
Laboratorio de Geología, Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Sustainability
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A multidisciplinary investigation was carried out in a karstic depression in a housing development under construction in Madrid to assess its stability. It was found that it is a small basin within a larger depression as a result of subsidence accumulated during the Quaternary. Subsidence has built up progressively in the Miocene clay cap and bedrock due to the underlying dissolution of gypsum rich intercalations. The preferential circulation of the dissolving subsurface flow is along a fault conditioned by subsidence, the formation of an elongated syncline along the fracture, and the alluvial basin. During the Pleistocene, a former lagoon zone was formed in this subsiding area; it was also a groundwater discharge zone. The decrease in recent times is very small and could be evaluated to be about 0.4 mm/year, and affects the alluvial zone and along the furrow of a fault zone, where the maximum average rate of subsidence would be 1.4 mm/year. This has led to the development of a relatively strong alluvium. It seems that under the alluvial deposits, a slow and diffuse dissolution is taking place of the shallower clayey gypsiferous levels, free of hypersoluble mineral species; this is somewhat more intense in the fault zone, which is more active hydrodynamically, where groundwater velocity is higher. Microgravimetry surveys indicate that only 5% of the area hidden under the alluvium shows anomalies, interpreted as residual soft clayey masses, or anomalous alluvial fillings of old dissolution voids. These pockets (“bolsones”), have dimensions of no more than 20 × 20 m and depths below 20 m. These measurements have been confirmed by boreholes and are the only points that would require special attention in the future construction of the urbanization. The urbanization work, in full development, is implementing solutions aimed at the stability of the road in the strips of alluvial studied.

ACS Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Cesar Sanz Riaguas. Identification and Investigation of Subsidence Areas to Mitigate Karstic Risks in Urbanized Areas of Madrid, Spain: A Case Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7716 .

AMA Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Cesar Sanz Riaguas. Identification and Investigation of Subsidence Areas to Mitigate Karstic Risks in Urbanized Areas of Madrid, Spain: A Case Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Cesar Sanz Riaguas. 2021. "Identification and Investigation of Subsidence Areas to Mitigate Karstic Risks in Urbanized Areas of Madrid, Spain: A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7716.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Sustainability
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As a preliminary phase in the conservation and sustainable management of a karst system in Fuentetoba, Soria, Spain, an interdisciplinary study was carried out to determine its hydrogeological evolution. The hydrogeological history of this aquifer system began during the late Miocene, where discharges were driven by paleo-emergences in the moor, and associated conduits were developed under phreatic (or vadose) conditions—for example, the upper syngenetic galleries in the main known karst cave (Majada del Cura cave). Later on, the nearby karstic massifs, a general flattening of the relief, occurred during the Quaternary Period, during which the karstic base level had been in decline. The aquifer flow was then derived and modified towards the Fuentetoba spring from the earliest stages through the galleries of the aforementioned cave. The observations made in this cave indicate the existence of a unique type of hydrogeological organization. The hypogean network is the result of the excavation of the same water flow that has been entrenching and abandoning the vadose regimen toward the free regimen. The dating of the tuffaceous buildings, associated with the emergences, indicates that since almost the Middle Pleistocene, flow lines have converged in the Fuentetoba spring, inducing a high grade of karstification in the saturated zone of the syncline basin. Moreover, a major drainage conduit was developed by dissolution. During the late Upper Pleistocene, an essential component of the groundwater flow had been derived towards the source of the Mazos River spring. Tufa and paleogour datings in caves indicate that the aquifer has undergone different climatic stages during the latest Quaternary and, therefore, different feeding and recharge processes. These tufas and paleogours are interrelated as well, as they are associated with the warm stages during the most recent Quaternary, according to the regional context, when there was less natural recharge. The simulation of the springs’ flow enabled an approximate quantification of the variation in the aquifer’s hydraulic balance during the different climatic stages. For example, during the last glaciation, the natural recharge was impacted by snowmelt and increased by 160%.

ACS Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Cristina Fonolla; Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; Pablo Rosas Rodriguez. Paleohydrogeology of the Karstic System of Fuentetoba Spring (Soria, Spain): An Interdisciplinary Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7236 .

AMA Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Cristina Fonolla, Ignacio Menéndez Pidal, Pablo Rosas Rodriguez. Paleohydrogeology of the Karstic System of Fuentetoba Spring (Soria, Spain): An Interdisciplinary Approach. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Cristina Fonolla; Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; Pablo Rosas Rodriguez. 2021. "Paleohydrogeology of the Karstic System of Fuentetoba Spring (Soria, Spain): An Interdisciplinary Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7236.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Through a study of glacial geomorphology and retrospective modeling of the stability of the slopes, it has been possible to reconstruct and know the mechanism of the formation of a large landslide induced by the retreat of the glacier corresponding to the Picos de Urbión (Coordillera Ibérica, Spain) during the last glacial cycle. It is a rotational landslide of 150 Mm3 that involved a layer of lutites and clays of the Cameros Basin that outcropped on one of the slopes of the valley, and whose initial geometry was modified by the over-excavation of the glacier tongue, which reached 140 m in height. The breakage occurred when the support of the ice tongue was partially removed. The structural layout and high water table also contributed to the landslide. It is the first time that landslides associated with the deglaciations of the last glacial cycle have been retrospectively modeled, which may be of interest when applied to geomorphological sciences.

ACS Style

Pablo Sanz de Ojeda; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Rubén Galindo; Cesar Sanz Riaguas. Retrospective Modeling of a Large Paleo-Landslide Related to Deglaciation in the Sierra de Urbión, Cordillera Ibérica, Spain. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4277 .

AMA Style

Pablo Sanz de Ojeda, Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Rubén Galindo, Cesar Sanz Riaguas. Retrospective Modeling of a Large Paleo-Landslide Related to Deglaciation in the Sierra de Urbión, Cordillera Ibérica, Spain. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (9):4277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Sanz de Ojeda; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Rubén Galindo; Cesar Sanz Riaguas. 2021. "Retrospective Modeling of a Large Paleo-Landslide Related to Deglaciation in the Sierra de Urbión, Cordillera Ibérica, Spain." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9: 4277.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Many of the large number of underground works constructed or under construction in recent years are in unfavorable terrains facing unusual situations and construction conditions. This is the case of the subject under study in this paper: a tunnel excavated in evaporitic rocks that experienced significant karstification problems very quickly over time. As a result of this situation, the causes that may underlie this rapid karstification are investigated and a novel methodology is presented in civil engineering where the use of saturation indices for the different mineral specimens present has been crucial. The drainage of the rock massif of El Regajal (Madrid-Toledo, Spain, in the Madrid-Valencia high-speed train line) was studied and permitted the in-situ study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of water flow in the Miocene evaporitic materials of the Tajo Basin as a full-scale testing laboratory, that are conforms as a whole, a single aquifer. The work provides a novel methodology based on the calculation of activities through the hydrogeochemical study of water samples in different piezometers, estimating the saturation index of different saline materials and the dissolution capacity of the brine, which is surprisingly very high despite the high electrical conductivity. The circulating brine appears unsaturated with respect to thenardite, mirabilite, epsomite, glauberite, and halite. The alteration of the underground flow and the consequent renewal of the water of the aquifer by the infiltration water of rain and irrigation is the cause of the hydrogeochemical imbalance and the modification of the characteristics of the massif. These modifications include very important loss of material by dissolution, altering the resistance of the terrain and the increase of the porosity. Simultaneously, different expansive and recrystallization processes that decrease the porosity of the massif were identified in the present work. The hydrogeochemical study allows the evolution of these phenomena to be followed over time, and this, in turn, may facilitate the implementation of preventive works in civil engineering.

ACS Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; Jose Mancebo Piqueras; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Clemente Sáenz Sanz. Influence of Hydrogeochemistry on Tunnel Drainage in Evaporitic Formations: El Regajal Tunnel Case Study (Aranjuez, Spain). Sustainability 2021, 13, 1505 .

AMA Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal, Jose Mancebo Piqueras, Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Clemente Sáenz Sanz. Influence of Hydrogeochemistry on Tunnel Drainage in Evaporitic Formations: El Regajal Tunnel Case Study (Aranjuez, Spain). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; Jose Mancebo Piqueras; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Clemente Sáenz Sanz. 2021. "Influence of Hydrogeochemistry on Tunnel Drainage in Evaporitic Formations: El Regajal Tunnel Case Study (Aranjuez, Spain)." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1505.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Sustainability
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A detailed hydrogeological study was carried out due to the recent occurrence of unexpected problems associated with the flooding of the water table during excavations in the area of a major urbanization work in Madrid. The numerous exploratory drilling excavations carried out allowed for the development of a conceptual model of the complex hydrogeological functioning in clay formations in an urban area. The clays have very little natural recharge, and the underground flow is highly conditioned by the topography and a fold-fault. Modelling with MODDFLOW confirmed and quantified this conceptual model and also allowed for the design of an efficient network of 1.5 km-long drainage trenches. The design of this drainage network was influenced by the difficult balance that must be respected in order not to contaminate the water with sulphates from the nearby gypsum substrate. This is to guarantee the quantitative and qualitative sustainability of the groundwater. The follow-up and monitoring of the water tables and the quality of the groundwater for more than a year after the excavation of the drainage trenches guaranteed the results of the research.

ACS Style

Joaquín Sanz de Ojeda; Eugenio Sanz; Francisco Javier Elorza; Cesar Sanz Riaguas; Manuel de Pazos Liaño. Simulation of Groundwater Flow in an Aquiclude for Designing a Drainage System during Urban Construction: A Case Study in Madrid, Spain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1526 .

AMA Style

Joaquín Sanz de Ojeda, Eugenio Sanz, Francisco Javier Elorza, Cesar Sanz Riaguas, Manuel de Pazos Liaño. Simulation of Groundwater Flow in an Aquiclude for Designing a Drainage System during Urban Construction: A Case Study in Madrid, Spain. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1526.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joaquín Sanz de Ojeda; Eugenio Sanz; Francisco Javier Elorza; Cesar Sanz Riaguas; Manuel de Pazos Liaño. 2021. "Simulation of Groundwater Flow in an Aquiclude for Designing a Drainage System during Urban Construction: A Case Study in Madrid, Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1526.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Model uncertainty is present in many engineering problems but particularly in those involving geotechnical behavior of pile foundation. A wide range of soil conditions together with simplified numerical models makes it a constant necessity to review the accuracy of the predictions. In this paper, the outputs of some seventy (70) pile axially-loaded tests have been reviewed with a classic numerical model to assess pile deformation. Probabilistic approach has been used to quantify uncertainties coming from soil tests, statistic uncertainty and also from the model itself. In this way, a critical review of the prediction method and a way to quantify its uncertainty is presented. The method is intended to be used in a wide range of engineering problems.

ACS Style

Manuel Bueno Aguado; Félix Escolano Sánchez; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Model Uncertainty for Settlement Prediction on Axially Loaded Piles in Hydraulic Fill Built in Marine Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 63 .

AMA Style

Manuel Bueno Aguado, Félix Escolano Sánchez, Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Model Uncertainty for Settlement Prediction on Axially Loaded Piles in Hydraulic Fill Built in Marine Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (1):63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Bueno Aguado; Félix Escolano Sánchez; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. 2021. "Model Uncertainty for Settlement Prediction on Axially Loaded Piles in Hydraulic Fill Built in Marine Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1: 63.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The efficacy of various catchment and management schemes in the regulation of the Fuentetoba karst spring (Spain) was evaluated by using its groundwater reserves. This regulation of the spring would simultaneously serve to increase the reliability of the drinking-water supply to Soria (Spain), develop the ecological flow of the river that has its source in that spring, and improve the environmental needs and requirements by managing the flow of a remarkable natural waterfall at its source. Speleological explorations have been essential in designing a pumping system in the drainage conduit of the spring located 400 m upstream of it and 45 m below the level of the aquifer drainage. For the evaluation of the viability of the interannual regulation, the hydraulic dynamics of the spring were analyzed by calculating the inputs and outputs of water to the system with the application of a precipitation–runoff model that was used to simulate the pumping effects in the spring hydrograph. The results indicated that the aquifer presented a high guarantee of having a flow for the supply for the environment. This study can be applied to other springs, and may be useful in sustainably managing any aquifer.

ACS Style

Eugenio Sanz; Pablo Rosas; Ignacio Menéndez-Pidal; Joaquin Sanz De Ojeda. Modeling and Prefeasibility Management, and Conservation Strategies for Fuentetoba Springs, (Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 10131 .

AMA Style

Eugenio Sanz, Pablo Rosas, Ignacio Menéndez-Pidal, Joaquin Sanz De Ojeda. Modeling and Prefeasibility Management, and Conservation Strategies for Fuentetoba Springs, (Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugenio Sanz; Pablo Rosas; Ignacio Menéndez-Pidal; Joaquin Sanz De Ojeda. 2020. "Modeling and Prefeasibility Management, and Conservation Strategies for Fuentetoba Springs, (Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10131.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Probabilistic approaches to deal with uncertainty on soil mechanic predictions are on the rise. We developed a procedure to deal with uncertainty coming from soil conditions. It was applied to an analytical model to simulate the behavior of a soil improvement work based on rigid inclusion below a slab foundation. The model can predict the settlements of the slab. Even more, it was also able to provide a confidence level based on a probabilistic approach to the input’s variables. Outputs were compared to large-scale tests. The agreement is outstanding. We try to encourage the use of probabilistic models to solve complex geotechnical problems.

ACS Style

Félix Escolano Sánchez; Manuel Bueno Aguado; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Probabilistic Method to Assess Model Uncertainty of Rigid Inclusion on a Granular Fill Supporting a Slab Foundation. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7885 .

AMA Style

Félix Escolano Sánchez, Manuel Bueno Aguado, Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Probabilistic Method to Assess Model Uncertainty of Rigid Inclusion on a Granular Fill Supporting a Slab Foundation. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7885.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Félix Escolano Sánchez; Manuel Bueno Aguado; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. 2020. "Probabilistic Method to Assess Model Uncertainty of Rigid Inclusion on a Granular Fill Supporting a Slab Foundation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7885.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The response of springs to earthquakes in the zone of moderate seismicity associated with the fault under study (the Talamantes–Castilruiz fault, Soria, Spain) always leads to a flow decrease regardless of the magnitude of the earthquake and the distance from the epicenter. The sensitivity of the springs is explained by the different degrees of the confinement of their aquifers. The semi-confined aquifer of the Vozmediano spring (1100 L/s) experiences short post-seismic events with a variable decrease in flow and an increase in turbidity, depending on the intensity of the earthquakes felt at the site (Intensity). These changes are likely due to elastic deformation and an increased permeability in their aquifers. This spring is an example of how previous (historical) earthquakes can break the aquifer through the fault causing horizontal movements of the groundwater and displacing the discharge point to a different fracture site located six kilometers from the initial point.

ACS Style

Eugenio Sanz; Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; José Escavy; Joaquin Ojeda. Hydrogeological Changes along a Fault Zone Caused by Earthquakes in the Moncayo Massif (Iberian Chain, Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 9034 .

AMA Style

Eugenio Sanz, Ignacio Menéndez Pidal, José Escavy, Joaquin Ojeda. Hydrogeological Changes along a Fault Zone Caused by Earthquakes in the Moncayo Massif (Iberian Chain, Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugenio Sanz; Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; José Escavy; Joaquin Ojeda. 2020. "Hydrogeological Changes along a Fault Zone Caused by Earthquakes in the Moncayo Massif (Iberian Chain, Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9034.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Water
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The hydrological regime of the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by its extreme irregularity, including its propensity for periodic floods, which cause severe floods. The development of suitable cartographies and hydraulic models (HEC-RAS, IBER, etc.) allows for defining, with sufficient precision, the areas flooded by a determined return period, and for elaborating maps of danger and areas at risk of flooding, making it possible to adopt the corresponding preventive measures of spatial planning. These preventive measures do not avoid the need for contingent plans, such as the Civil Flooding Protection Plans. Many of the Peninsula’s watercourses and rivers are regulated by reservoirs built to ensure water supply and to smooth floods by releasing water in extreme hydrological climates. Hydrological modeling tools (rain/run-off) and Decision Support Systems DSS have been developed for the optimal operation of these dams in flood situations. The objective of the article is to study and prove the effectiveness of the integrated data provision in real time, while the event occurs—a circumstance that was not possible from the limited available meteorological stations available from Official Weather Services. The development of the Automatic Hydrological Information System (SAIH) in the Spanish River Basin Authorities (Confederaciones Hidrográficas), which includes a dense network of thermo-pluviometric stations and rain-river flow gauges, has allowed for new perspectives in order to realize an effective forecast method of flows during episodes of extreme precipitation. In this article, we will describe the integration of a hydrological modeling system, developed by the Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo (River Authority), to meet the described objectives; the results of this methodology are novel. This allows for the processing of the 15-minute data provided, including the simulation of the snow accumulation/melting processes and the forecast of inflows to the reservoir to help in the establishment of safeguards and preventive waterflow releases. Finally, the methodology described is shown in a real case of study at Rosarito and El Burguillo Reservoirs.

ACS Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; José Antonio Hinojal Martín; Justo Mora Alonso-Muñoyerro; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Real-Time Data and Flood Forecasting in Tagus Basin. A Case Study: Rosarito and El Burguillo Reservoirs from 8th to 12th March, 2018. Water 2020, 12, 1004 .

AMA Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal, José Antonio Hinojal Martín, Justo Mora Alonso-Muñoyerro, Eugenio Sanz Pérez. Real-Time Data and Flood Forecasting in Tagus Basin. A Case Study: Rosarito and El Burguillo Reservoirs from 8th to 12th March, 2018. Water. 2020; 12 (4):1004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ignacio Menéndez Pidal; José Antonio Hinojal Martín; Justo Mora Alonso-Muñoyerro; Eugenio Sanz Pérez. 2020. "Real-Time Data and Flood Forecasting in Tagus Basin. A Case Study: Rosarito and El Burguillo Reservoirs from 8th to 12th March, 2018." Water 12, no. 4: 1004.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2020 in Applied Sciences
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When inner cavities of significant dimensions exist in natural rocks, problems arise when a shallow foundation for a building, bridge or other structure is builtonthem. Thus, taking one of the most representative cavity geometries in nature, the ellipsoidal horizontal shape, the main objective of this study is to obtain the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation with cavities of different sizes and positions, on rock masses with different strengths and deformation characteristics. The study focuses on natural rocks of karst origin (in limestones, dolomites or gypsums) and of volcanic origin. The ultimate bearing capacity is determined relative to a situation without the existence of the cavity for different cavern positions and sizes, rock types (mi), strengths (UCS), and states (GSI) of the rock mass. The results showed that the most decisive parameter is the relative eccentricity. The influence of the rock type (Hoek’s parameter mi) is, for practical purposes, negligible (lower than 10%). The strength and condition of the rock mass (parameters UCS and GSI) have relatively little influence on the results obtained. This study aims to provide a simple design criteria for universal use, with different geometric configurations and qualities of rock masses that can be used directly without the need for sophisticated calculations by the designer.

ACS Style

Jesús Luis Benito Olmeda; Javier Moreno Robles; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Claudio Olalla Marañón. Influence of Natural Cavities on the Design of Shallow Foundations. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1119 .

AMA Style

Jesús Luis Benito Olmeda, Javier Moreno Robles, Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Claudio Olalla Marañón. Influence of Natural Cavities on the Design of Shallow Foundations. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (3):1119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Luis Benito Olmeda; Javier Moreno Robles; Eugenio Sanz Pérez; Claudio Olalla Marañón. 2020. "Influence of Natural Cavities on the Design of Shallow Foundations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 1119.