Wellbore instability, particularly in shale formations, presents a great challenge to modern drilling operations. Although conventional chemical inhibitors are frequently employed in water-based drilling fluids, they may not always function in highly reactive or naturally fractured shale formations. In recent years, mechanical inhibitors have attracted attention as a complementary solution to chemical methods. These inhibitors, which include carbon-based, silicon-based, metal-based, and mineral-based particle materials, provide structural support to the wellbore by physically plugging fractures and sealing microfractures. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the mineral types associated with shale wellbore instability as well as a critical analysis of the mechanisms, categories, and effectiveness of mechanical inhibitors in enhancing wellbore stability. The development challenges and prospects of mechanical inhibitors in water-based drilling fluids are also discussed. This review emphasizes the potential of mechanical inhibitors in reducing fluid invasion, preventing wellbore collapse, and improving overall drilling efficiency, which will help facilitate the development and large-scale application of mechanical inhibitors in drilling fluids.

High-pressure, high-temperature fractured shale reservoirs are types of unconventional reservoirs that need proper drilling operations for adequate efficiency. Proper measurement of drilling fluid’s rheological properties is of importance for drilling operations that may increase the penetration rate on the one hand with proper design. Therefore, the success of drilling operations strongly depends on the proper design of drilling fluids. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the effect of potassium and sodium formate fluid on the rheological properties of drilling fluid for fractured shale core samples. The yield point and apparent viscosity for muds consisted of cellulose polyanionic and cellulose polyanionic-ultralow polymers higher than base muds. It indicates the effect of formate salts in increasing thermal stability. In addition, in polymer-based muds, more amounts of formate salts have been used, indicating the low fluid loss volume. Consequently, the shale recovery rate for potassium formate fluids is higher than sodium formate fluid.

Wellbore strengthening is a widely applied technique to mitigate wellbore leakage during drilling operations in complex formations characterized by narrow mud weight windows. This method enhances the wellbore’s pressure-bearing capacity by using lost circulation materials (LCMs) to bridge natural or induced fractures. In recent years, advanced sealing technologies such as wellbore reinforcement have gradually been applied and developed, but their related influencing factors and mechanisms have not been deeply revealed. This article uses the Cohesive module of ABAQUS to establish a wellbore fracture sealing model. By establishing a porous elastic finite element model, the elastic mechanics theory of porous media is combined with finite element theory. Under the influence of factors such as anisotropy of geostress, reservoir elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and fracturing fluid viscosity, the circumferential stress distribution of the wellbore after fracture sealing is simulated. The simulation results show that stress anisotropy has a significant impact on Mises stress. The greater the stress anisotropy, the more likely the wellbore sealing is to cause wellbore rupture or instability. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a suitable wellbore direction to avoid high stress concentration areas. The elastic modulus of the reservoir is an important parameter that affects wellbore stability and fracturing response, especially in high modulus reservoirs where the effect is more pronounced. Poisson’s ratio has a relatively minor impact. In fracturing and plugging design, the viscosity of fracturing fluid should be reasonably selected to balance the relationship between plugging efficiency and wellbore mechanical stability. In the actual drilling process, priority should be given to choosing the wellbore direction that avoids high stress concentration areas to reduce the risk of wellbore rupture or instability induced by plugging, specify targeted wellbore reinforcement strategies for high elastic modulus reservoirs; using models to predict fracture response characteristics can guide the use of sealing materials, achieve efficient bridging and stable sealing, and enhance the maximum pressure bearing capacity of the wellbore. By simulating the changes in circumferential stress distribution of the wellbore after fracture sealing, the mechanism of wellbore reinforcement was explored to provide guidance for mechanism analysis and on-site application.

In the Yuanba area, many lost circulation accidents occur due to the complex geological structure, broken strata, and developed fractures, which seriously affect construction safety and drilling costs. Therefore, the Yuanba district is the focus of this paper. Firstly, a three-dimensional geomechanical model is established through multi-source information fusion to identify the main geological risk factors of lost circulation, according to the data on drilling and well logging in the operation area. Then a risk warning model and evaluation methods for loss circulation, based on geological engineering data fusion, are established, through which the characteristic parameters of various loss of circulation risks can be calculated in real time, parameters along the well trajectory can be extracted and compared, and thus, the risk of lost circulation is warned and analyzed in real time. The early warning of lost circulation risk can be achieved during drilling operations, which can improve the drilling efficiency and shorten the drilling cycle as a result.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a widely used heuristic algorithm valued for its simplicity and robustness in solving diverse optimization problems. However, its high computational cost often limits large-scale applications. With the rapid development of parallel computing and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), researchers have increasingly leveraged these technologies to enhance PSO efficiency. This paper introduces a High-Efficiency PSO (HEPSO) algorithm designed for GPU-based architectures. HEPSO improves computational performance through two key strategies: (1) transferring data initialization from the CPU to the GPU to reduce I/O overhead caused by repeated data migration, and (2) incorporating a self-adaptive thread management mechanism to enhance execution efficiency. Experiments conducted on nine benchmark optimization functions demonstrate that HEPSO achieves more than a sixfold speedup compared to conventional GPU-PSO. Moreover, in terms of convergence time, HEPSO requires only about one-third of the runtime in most cases.