The presence of hyperreflective foci (HFs) is related to retinal disease progression, and the quantity has proven to be a prognostic factor of visual and anatomical outcome in various retinal diseases. However, lack of efficient quantitative tools for evaluating the HFs has deprived ophthalmologist of assessing the volume of HFs. For this reason, we propose an automated quantification algorithm to segment and quantify HFs in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The proposed algorithm consists of two parallel processes namely: region of interest (ROI) generation and HFs estimation. To generate the ROI, we use morphological reconstruction (MR) to obtain the reconstructed image and histogram constructed for data distributions and clustering. In parallel, we estimate the HFs by extracting the extremal regions from the connected regions obtained from a component tree. Finally, both the ROI and the HFs estimation process are merged to obtain the segmented HFs. The proposed algorithm was tested on 40 3D SD-OCT volumes from 40 patients diagnosed with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and correlation coefficient (r) are 69.70%, 0.99 for NPDR, 70.31%, 0.99 for PDR, and 71.30%, 0.99 for DME respectively. The proposed algorithm can provide ophthalmologist with good HFs quantitative information, such as volume, size and location of the HFs.

Radiomics with deep learning models have become popular in computer-aided diagnosis and have outperformed human experts on many clinical tasks. Specifically, radiomic models based on artificial intelligence (AI) are using medical data (i.e., images, molecular data, clinical variables, etc.) for predicting clinical tasks such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we summarized and discussed the radiomic techniques used for ASD analysis. Currently, the limited radiomic work of ASD is related to the variation of morphological features of brain thickness that is different from texture analysis. These techniques are based on imaging shape features that can be used with predictive models for predicting ASD. This review explores the progress of ASD-based radiomics with a brief description of ASD and the current non-invasive technique used to classify between ASD and healthy control (HC) subjects. With AI, new radiomic models using the deep learning techniques will be also described. To consider the texture analysis with deep CNNs, more investigations are suggested to be integrated with additional validation steps on various MRI sites.

We propose an automated segmentation method to detect, segment, and quantify hyperreflective foci (HFs) in three-dimensional (3-D) spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The algorithm is divided into three stages: preprocessing, layer segmentation, and HF segmentation. In this paper, a supervised classifier (random forest) was used to produce the set of boundary probabilities in which an optimal graph search method was then applied to identify and produce the layer segmentation using the Sobel edge algorithm. An automated grow-cut algorithm was applied to segment the HFs. The proposed algorithm was tested on 20 3-D SD-OCT volumes from 20 patients diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The average dice similarity coefficient and correlation coefficient ( r ) are 62.30%, 96.90% for PDR, and 63.80%, 97.50% for DME, respectively. The proposed algorithm can provide clinicians with accurate quantitative information, such as the size and volume of the HFs. This can assist in clinical diagnosis, treatment, disease monitoring, and progression.