Honeybee products, as multicomponent substances, have been a focus of great interest. The present work aimed to perform the nutritional and chemical profiling and biochemical characterization of bee pollen (BP), bee bread (BB), and royal jelly (RJ) and study their applications in the fortification of functional fermented dairy products. Their effects on starter cultures and the physicochemical and sensorial quality of products were monitored. A molecular networking analysis identified a total of 46 compounds in the three bee products that could be potential medicines, including flavonoids, fatty acids, and peptides. BB showed the highest protein and sugar contents (22.57 and 26.78 g/100 g), which cover 45.14 and 53.56% of their daily values (DVs), with considerable amounts of the essential amino acids threonine and lysine (59.50 and 42.03%). BP, BB, and RJ can be considered sources of iron, as 100 g can cover 141, 198.5, and 94.94% of DV%, respectively. BP was revealed to have the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (105.68 and 43.91 µg/g) and showed a synergetic effect when mixed with RJ, resulting in increased antioxidant activity, while BB showed a synergetic effect when mixed with RJ in terms of both antioxidant and proteolytic powers (IC₅₀ 7.54, 11.55, 12.15, 12.50, and 12.65 cP compared to the control (10.55 cP)), reflecting their organoleptic properties and highlighting these health-oriented products as promising natural products for human health care.

Seasonal variations in the fatty acid (FA) compositions of pollen loads collected from the Al-Ahsa Oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia throughout one year were determined to identify the optimal season for harvesting bee pollen rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The highest values (%) of lipids, linolenic acid (C_18:3), stearic acid (C_18:0), linoleic acid (C_18:2), arachidic acid (C_20:0), the sum of the C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 concentrations, and EFAs were obtained from bee pollen harvested during autumn. The maximum values (%) of oleic acid (C_18:1), palmitic acid (C_16:0), UFAs, and the UFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio were found in bee pollen harvested during summer. The highest concentrations (%) of behenic acid (C_22:0), lignoceric acid (C_24:0), and SFAs were found in bee pollen harvested during winter. Bee pollen harvested during spring ranked second in its oleic, palmitic, linolenic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acid concentrations and for EFAs, UFAs, and the UFA/SFA ratio. The lowest SFA concentration was found in bee pollen harvested during summer. Oleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids were the most predominant FAs found in bee pollen. It was concluded that the FA composition of bee pollen varied among the harvest seasons due to the influence of the dominant botanical origins. We recommend harvesting pollen loads during spring and summer to feed honeybee colonies during periods of scarcity and for use as a healthy, nutritious food for humans.

The work was evaluated, the activity of bees venom as antibacterial, which was collected from local honey bee hybrid (Carniolian hybrid Apis mellifera carnica) under different storage conditions against six pathogenic bacterial strains, including four Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative; Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Different samples of bee venom had an inhibitory effect against all types of investigated bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of bee venom was determined. From these data, we can report that, when increasing the concentration of bee venom give more effectiveness against both bacterial strains "Gram-positive and negative bacteria".

The present study addresses the potential effects of the collection of bee venom from two different subspecies (Carniolan and Italian honeybees) during different seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) on the hoarding behavior of honeybees which represented by rate of sugar feed intake consumed by the colonies. The honeybees’ colonies were fed with water and honey syrup (50%) in plastic feeders; 1litter of honey syrup was added to the feeders before and after bee venom collection by 1hr for recording the amount of syrup taken from the feeder. The metabolic sugar consumption of the group was estimated by subtracting the amount consumed from the total honey syrup taken from the feeder. Results showed that, the Italian hybrid showed significant sugar feed intake after bee venom collection than the Carniolan hybrid during winter season followed by the autumn while summer showed the lowest intake rate. The high hording behavior rate in winter may be due to the severe weakness of the colonies and their severe need for the sugary food in such period due to the lack of flowering crops at this time of the year.

Twenty-six Anthophora species belonging to Subgenus Lophanthophra Brooks (10 species) & Subgenus Paramegilla Friese (16 species) are revised taxonomically.A. rutilans Dours is transferred from the first Subgenus Lophanthophra Brooks to Subgenus Paramegilla Friese due to its obvious dilated & hunped hind basitarsus as most related Paramegillian species than the not conspicuous weak mid-leg brushes. Many specimens are collected from various localities and genitalia are desiccated. Keys, diagnostic characters, synonyms, coloured pictures, line drawing illustrations, and the distribution are introduced, in addition to Scanning Electron Microscopic photographs are taken for A. hispanica (Fabricius). A. Shoumarae Rawda is redescribed, A. boops Alfken still considered as distinct species, not as a synonym of A. vidua (Klug).

This study was performed to assess the effectiveness of some Sinai's Flora extracted from thyme (Origanum vulgare L.), castor (Ricinus communis Linn), common horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) against the larvae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella and on honeybee workers. Plants were collected from Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, during the period from November 2018 to February 2019, dried and ground. Aqueous extracts were used at 10, 15, and 20% levels and contact toxicity assay was performed in the laboratory on the larvae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The test was set up in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 10 replications of each plant extract. The results revealed that, plant extracts tested at various levels showed variable responses against the larvae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella compared to the controls. The highest larval mortality percentage (92.15%) was recorded. The lowest LC50 values were obtained from aqueous extract of O. vulgare (7.07 %) against larvae of greater wax moth. The lowest toxicity effect against adults of honeybees was obtained when treated with aqueous extract of C. esculentus (4.24%) at 10% concentration. Hence, it be concluded that thyme extract at 20% concentration is a good natural pesticide against greater wax moth.