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Assistant professor in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Actively involved in renewable energy, membrane teachnology, nanocatalysis and water or wastewater treatment.
Empty fruit bunch (EFB), which is one of the primary agricultural wastes generated from the palm oil plantation, is generally discharged into the open environment or ends up in landfills. The utilization of this EFB waste for other value-added applications such as activated carbon and biofuels remain low, despite extensive research efforts. One of the reasons is that the EFB is highly vulnerable to microbial and fungi degradation under natural environment owning to its inherent characteristic of high organic matter and moisture content. This can rapidly deteriorate its quality and results in poor performance when processed into other products. However, the lignocellulosic components in degraded EFB (DEFB) still largely remain intact. Consequently, it could become a promising feedstock for production of bio-products after suitable pretreatment with organic solvents. In this study, DEFB was subjected to five different types of organic solvents for the pretreatment, including ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, acetic acid and acetone. The effects of temperature and residence time were also investigated during the pretreatment. Organosolv pretreatment in ethylene glycol (50 v/v%) with the addition of NaOH (3 v/v%) as an alkaline catalyst successfully detached 81.5 wt.% hemicellulose and 75.1 wt.% lignin. As high as 90.4 wt.% cellulose was also successfully retrieved at mild temperature (80 °C) and short duration (45 min), while the purity of cellulose in treated DEFB was recorded at 84.3%. High-purity lignin was successfully recovered from the pretreatment liquor by using sulfuric acid for precipitation. The amount of recovered lignin from alkaline ethylene glycol liquor was 74.6% at pH 2.0. The high recovery of cellulose and lignin in DEFB by using organosolv pretreatment rendered it as one of the suitable feedstocks to be applied in downstream biorefinery processes. This can be further investigated in more detailed studies in the future.
Danny Chin; Steven Lim; Yean Pang; Chun Lim; Siew Shuit; Kiat Lee; Cheng Chong. Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6757 .
AMA StyleDanny Chin, Steven Lim, Yean Pang, Chun Lim, Siew Shuit, Kiat Lee, Cheng Chong. Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanny Chin; Steven Lim; Yean Pang; Chun Lim; Siew Shuit; Kiat Lee; Cheng Chong. 2021. "Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6757.
Adsorption is the most common methods used in industry for the removal of dye. In this study, magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) was served as adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB). Statistical optimization of the MB removal efficiency via response surface methodology coupled with central composite design was performed and reported. It was observed that all three experimental parameters: adsorption temperature (25-50°C), MB concentration (10-50 ppm) and MMWCNTs dosage (0.01-0.05 g/20mL) were significant in the removal of MB. The optimized conditions of 99.21 % MB removal efficiency can be achieved at adsorption temperature of 38°C, MB concentration of 23 ppm and MMWCNTs dosage of 0.033 g/20mL. The verification of the prediction was performed with 3 repeated experiments and the results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data with only 0.21 % error.
C C Lim; S H Shuit; S K Enche Ab Rahim; P Y Hoo; Q H Ng. Removal of methylene blue using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes: process optimization study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 932, 012015 .
AMA StyleC C Lim, S H Shuit, S K Enche Ab Rahim, P Y Hoo, Q H Ng. Removal of methylene blue using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes: process optimization study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 932 (1):012015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC C Lim; S H Shuit; S K Enche Ab Rahim; P Y Hoo; Q H Ng. 2020. "Removal of methylene blue using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes: process optimization study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 932, no. 1: 012015.
In this study, the feasibility of a single-step reaction and separation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel via integrated pervaporation membrane reactor was investigated. An integrated pervaporation membrane reactor system that combined both reactor and membrane separator into one unit was developed. The catalyst and membrane involved in this study were sulfonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (s-MWCNTs) synthesized via thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and copoly(1,5-naphthalene/3,5-benzoicacid-2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropanedimide (6FDA-NDA/DABA). Esterification of PFAD with methanol was performed in both batch reactor and integrated pervaporation membrane reactor under the same reaction conditions: reaction temperature of 135 °C, methanol-to-PFAD ratio of 20, s-MWCNTs loading of 3 wt% and reaction period of 3, 5 and 10 h. At 10 h of reaction time, the thermally cross-linked 6FDA-NDA/DABA polyimide membrane was able to remove 94.8% of the generated water from the reaction mixture. The thermally cross-linked polyimide membrane was found to be a hydrophilic membrane and demonstrated negligible swelling in the reaction solvent, high thermal stability even at high reaction temperature and pressure. The high removal percentage of water by the thermally cross-linked polyimide membrane has triggered an increment of 17.9% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield in pervaporation membrane reactor as compared to the batch reactor.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol via single-step pervaporation membrane reactor: A novel biodiesel production method. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 201, 112110 .
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Soon Huat Tan. Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol via single-step pervaporation membrane reactor: A novel biodiesel production method. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019; 201 ():112110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. 2019. "Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol via single-step pervaporation membrane reactor: A novel biodiesel production method." Energy Conversion and Management 201, no. : 112110.
Environmental degradation through greenhouse emission have spurred nation's interest on feedstock-based fuel. Yet, development of this clean biofuel is obstructed by the expensive feedstock which takes up most of the production cost. Therefore, as an alternative, utilization of widely available lignocellulosic residues with relatively no commercial significance has been considered. This present work emphasizes on mango (Mangifera indica) leaves one of the most abundant lignocellulosic waste in Malaysia. Through implementation of this biomass for bioethanol production, continuous allowance of air pollution with a deleterious impact to the country's environment could be reduced. The high concentration of sugar (16-18%w/v) in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose is ultimately the reason behind the selection of these leaves as a substrate for bioethanol production. Hence, in this study, a comparison of biomass composition in Harum Manis, Sunshine and Chokanan mango leaves were conducted to detect the most suitable substrate source to produce biofuel. At the end of the biomass evaluation, Harum Manis mango leaves turned out to be the most competitive bioethanol crop as these leaves reported to be made up of 34.71% cellulose and 44.02% hemicellulose which summed up to give highest fermentable sugar source with a lignin content of 19.45%.
Mahadevan Tarrsini; Yi Peng Teoh; Qi Hwa Ng; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Zhong Xian Ooi; Hoong Siew Shuit; Peng Yong Hoo. Practicability of Lignocellulosic Waste Composite in Controlling Air Pollution from Leaves Litter through Bioethanol Production. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 318, 012001 .
AMA StyleMahadevan Tarrsini, Yi Peng Teoh, Qi Hwa Ng, Balakrishnan Kunasundari, Zhong Xian Ooi, Hoong Siew Shuit, Peng Yong Hoo. Practicability of Lignocellulosic Waste Composite in Controlling Air Pollution from Leaves Litter through Bioethanol Production. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 318 (1):012001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahadevan Tarrsini; Yi Peng Teoh; Qi Hwa Ng; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Zhong Xian Ooi; Hoong Siew Shuit; Peng Yong Hoo. 2018. "Practicability of Lignocellulosic Waste Composite in Controlling Air Pollution from Leaves Litter through Bioethanol Production." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 318, no. 1: 012001.
Bacillus subtilis UniMAP-KB01, a cellulase producer was isolated from Malaysian mangrove soil. Through morphological identification it was observed that the B. subtilis appears to be in rod shaped and identified as a gram positive bacterium. Growth profile of isolated B. subtilis was established by measuring optical density (OD) at 600 nm for every 1 hour intervals. Polymath software was employed to plot the growth profile and the non-linear plot established gave the precision value of linear regression, R2 of 0.9602, root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.0176 and variance of 0.0025. The hydrolysis capacity testing revealed the cellulolytic index of 2.83 ± 0.46 after stained with Gram's Iodine. The harvested crude enzyme after 24 hours incubation in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) broth at 45°C and 100 RPM, was tested for enzyme activity. Through Filter Paper Assay (FPA), the cellulase activity was calculated to be 0.05 U/mL. The hydrolysis capacity testing and FPA shown an acceptable value for thermophilic bacterial enzyme activity. Thus, this isolated strain reasoned to be potential for producing thermostable cellulase which will be immobilized onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the cellulolytic activity will be characterized for biofuel production.
Sandrasekaran Naresh; Siew Hoong Shuit; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Yong Hoo Peng; Hwa Ng Qi; Yi Peng Teoh. Immobilization of Cellulase from Bacillus subtilis UniMAP-KB01 on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Biofuel Production. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 318, 012008 .
AMA StyleSandrasekaran Naresh, Siew Hoong Shuit, Balakrishnan Kunasundari, Yong Hoo Peng, Hwa Ng Qi, Yi Peng Teoh. Immobilization of Cellulase from Bacillus subtilis UniMAP-KB01 on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Biofuel Production. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 318 (1):012008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandrasekaran Naresh; Siew Hoong Shuit; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Yong Hoo Peng; Hwa Ng Qi; Yi Peng Teoh. 2018. "Immobilization of Cellulase from Bacillus subtilis UniMAP-KB01 on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Biofuel Production." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 318, no. 1: 012008.
The exploitation of the super acidity of heteropolyacids incorporated heterogeneous catalysts was only feasible if the heterogeneity of these catalysts was assured. To maintain the catalyst heterogeneity in polar medium, a novel two-step modification method was proposed to synthesize the highly active, yet stable heterogeneous catalyst, catered for selective esterification of monoglyceride. The surficial, structural and acidity properties of the modified catalysts were investigated via crucial characterization methods (N2 BET, HRTEM, and FTIR). The collective evidences verified the predicted formation of calcium oxides (CaO) on the mesopores surfaces of the SBA-15 support after the first modification, and the successful subsequent 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) functionalization. The superior stability of the synthesized catalysts (10wt%-HPW/CaSBA-15) was demonstrated (negligible change in both conversion – 75% and yield – 70%), without the need for catalyst regeneration. Such result was attributed to the strong interaction between HPW and SBA-15 via calcium bridging. Being alkaline in nature, calcium oxides in the inner pores readily reacted with highly acidic HPW introduced in the subsequent wetness incipient step, forming insoluble HPW acid sites on inner pore walls of SBA-15 via the calcium bridging. This modification deemed promising and other alkaline metals should be explored in the future.
P Y Hoo; Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah; S H Shuit; Y P Teoh; Q H Ng; B Kunasundari. Substantially Stabilized Superacid Incorporated SBA-15 with Calcium Bridging for Selective Esterification of Glycerol. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 318, 012007 .
AMA StyleP Y Hoo, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, S H Shuit, Y P Teoh, Q H Ng, B Kunasundari. Substantially Stabilized Superacid Incorporated SBA-15 with Calcium Bridging for Selective Esterification of Glycerol. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 318 (1):012007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP Y Hoo; Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah; S H Shuit; Y P Teoh; Q H Ng; B Kunasundari. 2018. "Substantially Stabilized Superacid Incorporated SBA-15 with Calcium Bridging for Selective Esterification of Glycerol." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 318, no. 1: 012007.
As the world second largest producer and exporter of palm oil after Indonesia, Malaysia's palm oil industries generate huge amount of biomass especially after pruning or harvesting the fresh bunch. The generated oil palm biomass includes empty fruit brunch (EFB), palm kernel shell, oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and mesocarp fiber. Among the generated oil palm biomass, OPF is by far the highest in quantity, accounting for more than 50% of the total biomass generated in the oil palm industries. Therefore, OPF appears to be a very promising source of raw materials in Malaysia. Considerable amount of researches have been carried out to investigate the nutritional value and economic viability of OPF and its suitability for reused as recycle energy, nutrients, or being transformed into value-added end products. Thus, this article aims to present an overview on the current scenario in Malaysian's palm oil industries, covering topics on the availability and the characterization of OPF. This article also emphasizes on the superior recycling of OPF in various fields and major challenges in the utilization of OPF. Based on the findings presented, it is definitely clear that OPF has the potential to serve as sustainable and promising biomass source for Malaysia, not only to reduce the environmental problem caused by openly burnt or landfill disposal of OPF but also to generate extra revenue for the country. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1864–1874, 2017
Zhong Xian Ooi; Yi Peng Teoh; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Siew Hoong Shuit. Oil palm frond as a sustainable and promising biomass source in Malaysia: A review. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2017, 36, 1864 -1874.
AMA StyleZhong Xian Ooi, Yi Peng Teoh, Balakrishnan Kunasundari, Siew Hoong Shuit. Oil palm frond as a sustainable and promising biomass source in Malaysia: A review. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2017; 36 (6):1864-1874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong Xian Ooi; Yi Peng Teoh; Balakrishnan Kunasundari; Siew Hoong Shuit. 2017. "Oil palm frond as a sustainable and promising biomass source in Malaysia: A review." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 36, no. 6: 1864-1874.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Eng Poh Ng; Soon Huat Tan. A facile and acid-free approach towards the preparation of sulphonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a strong protonic acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2015, 52, 100 -108.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Eng Poh Ng, Soon Huat Tan. A facile and acid-free approach towards the preparation of sulphonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a strong protonic acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2015; 52 ():100-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Eng Poh Ng; Soon Huat Tan. 2015. "A facile and acid-free approach towards the preparation of sulphonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a strong protonic acid catalyst for biodiesel production." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 52, no. : 100-108.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. Feasibility study of various sulphonation methods for transforming carbon nanotubes into catalysts for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Conversion and Management 2014, 88, 1283 -1289.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Soon Huat Tan. Feasibility study of various sulphonation methods for transforming carbon nanotubes into catalysts for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Conversion and Management. 2014; 88 ():1283-1289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. 2014. "Feasibility study of various sulphonation methods for transforming carbon nanotubes into catalysts for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate." Energy Conversion and Management 88, no. : 1283-1289.
This study reports on biodiesel production via the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulphonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (s-MWCNTs) as a catalyst. The process parameters studied included the methanol-to-PFAD ratio (8–30), catalyst loading (1–3 wt%), reaction temperature (80–200 °C) and reaction time (1–5 h). A fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 93.5 % was obtained at a methanol-to-PFAD ratio of 20, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 170 °C and reaction time of 2 h. The s-MWCNTs exhibited good catalytic activity, with a FAME yield higher than 75 % even after five repeated runs. Moreover, the regeneration of the spent s-MWCNTs (after five runs) with sulphuric acid was able to restore the catalytic activity to its original level. The catalyst stability and activity were enhanced by acid regeneration to achieve a FAME yield of 86.2 %, even at the fifth cycle of reaction after acid regeneration. A pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model for the esterification of PFAD with methanol using s-MWCNTs as a catalyst was then developed based on the experimental results. The pre-exponential factor, molar heat and activation energy for the esterification were found to be 1.9 × 102 L mol−1 min−1, 84.1 kJ mol−1 and 45.8 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Sulphonated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid Acid Catalyst: Process Study, Catalyst Reusability and Kinetic Study. BioEnergy Research 2014, 8, 605 -617.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Soon Huat Tan. Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Sulphonated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid Acid Catalyst: Process Study, Catalyst Reusability and Kinetic Study. BioEnergy Research. 2014; 8 (2):605-617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Soon Huat Tan. 2014. "Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Sulphonated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid Acid Catalyst: Process Study, Catalyst Reusability and Kinetic Study." BioEnergy Research 8, no. 2: 605-617.
The conventional heterogeneous catalysts involved in biodiesel production include mixed metal oxides, alkaline metal oxides, ion-exchange resins, sulfated oxides and immobilised enzymes. Heterogeneous catalysis has emerged as the preferred alternative for biodiesel production because the products are easy to separate, the catalysts are reusable, and the process is environmentally friendly. However, this method suffers from limitations, such as mass transfer problems, high cost and low catalyst stability, that diminish its economic feasibility and low environmental impact on the entire biodiesel process. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) appear to be a promising catalyst support for biodiesel production due to their ability to overcome the limitations faced by conventional heterogeneous catalysts. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present the current application of functionalised CNTs as catalyst support in biodiesel production, discussing issues such as the limitations encountered by conventional heterogeneous catalysts, the advantages offered by functionalised CNTs and possible methods to functionalise CNTs to serve as catalyst support in biodiesel production. In addition, the reaction parameters required for the transesterification/esterification reaction using functionalised CNTs will be discussed, including the catalyst's life time and regeneration. The challenges and future outlook on the use of functionalised CNTs in the biodiesel industry are also presented. Based on the findings presented in this review, functionalised CNTs have the potential to be a breakthrough technology in the biodiesel industry.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Kian Fei Yee; Keat Teong Lee; Bhatia Subhash; Soon Huat Tan. Evolution towards the utilisation of functionalised carbon nanotubes as a new generation catalyst support in biodiesel production: an overview. RSC Advances 2013, 3, 9070 -9094.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Kian Fei Yee, Keat Teong Lee, Bhatia Subhash, Soon Huat Tan. Evolution towards the utilisation of functionalised carbon nanotubes as a new generation catalyst support in biodiesel production: an overview. RSC Advances. 2013; 3 (24):9070-9094.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Kian Fei Yee; Keat Teong Lee; Bhatia Subhash; Soon Huat Tan. 2013. "Evolution towards the utilisation of functionalised carbon nanotubes as a new generation catalyst support in biodiesel production: an overview." RSC Advances 3, no. 24: 9070-9094.
In recent years, environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels and the depletion of petroleum reserves have driven the world to adopt biodiesel as an alternative energy source to replace conventional petroleum-derived fuels because of biodiesel's clean and renewable nature. Biodiesel is conventionally produced in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic catalysed processes, as well as by supercritical technology. All of these processes have their own limitations, such as wastewater generation and high energy consumption. In this context, the membrane reactor appears to be the perfect candidate to produce biodiesel because of its ability to overcome the limitations encountered by conventional production methods. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the production of biodiesel with a membrane reactor by examining the fundamental concepts of the membrane reactor, its operating principles and the combination of membrane and catalyst in the catalytic membrane. In addition, the potential of functionalised carbon nanotubes to serve as catalysts while being incorporated into the membrane for transesterification is discussed. Furthermore, this paper will also discuss the effects of process parameters for transesterification in a membrane reactor and the advantages offered by membrane reactors for biodiesel production. This discussion is followed by some limitations faced in membrane technology. Nevertheless, based on the findings presented in this review, it is clear that the membrane reactor has the potential to be a breakthrough technology for the biodiesel industry.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Yit Thai Ong; Keat Teong Lee; Bhatia Subhash; Soon Huat Tan. Membrane technology as a promising alternative in biodiesel production: A review. Biotechnology Advances 2012, 30, 1364 -1380.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Yit Thai Ong, Keat Teong Lee, Bhatia Subhash, Soon Huat Tan. Membrane technology as a promising alternative in biodiesel production: A review. Biotechnology Advances. 2012; 30 (6):1364-1380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Yit Thai Ong; Keat Teong Lee; Bhatia Subhash; Soon Huat Tan. 2012. "Membrane technology as a promising alternative in biodiesel production: A review." Biotechnology Advances 30, no. 6: 1364-1380.
Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. seed is conventionally produced via a two-step method: extraction of oil and subsequent esterification/transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), commonly known as biodiesel. Contrarily, in this study, a single step in situ extraction, esterification and transesterification (collectively known as reactive extraction) of J. curcas L. seed to biodiesel, was investigated and optimized. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to study the effect of various process parameters on the yield of FAME. The process parameters studied include reaction temperature (30-60 degrees C), methanol to seed ratio (5-20 mL/g), catalyst loading (5-30 wt %), and reaction time (1-24 h). The optimum reaction condition was then obtained by using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD). Results showed that an optimum biodiesel yield of 98.1% can be obtained under the following reaction conditions: reaction temperature of 60 degrees C, methanol to seed ratio of 10.5 mL/g, 21.8 wt % of H(2)SO(4), and reaction period of 10 h.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin; Suzana Yusup. Reactive Extraction of Jatropha curcas L. Seed for Production of Biodiesel: Process Optimization Study. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44, 4361 -4367.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Keat Teong Lee, Azlina Harun Kamaruddin, Suzana Yusup. Reactive Extraction of Jatropha curcas L. Seed for Production of Biodiesel: Process Optimization Study. Environmental Science & Technology. 2010; 44 (11):4361-4367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin; Suzana Yusup. 2010. "Reactive Extraction of Jatropha curcas L. Seed for Production of Biodiesel: Process Optimization Study." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 11: 4361-4367.
Jatropha curcas L. has recently been hailed as the promising feedstock for biodiesel production as it does not compete with food sources. Conventional production of biodiesel from J. curcas L. seeds involve two main processing steps; extraction of oil and subsequent esterification/transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this study, the feasibility of in situ extraction, esterification and transesterification of J. curcas L. seeds to biodiesel was investigated. It was found that the size of the seed and reaction period effect the yield of FAME and amount of oil extracted significantly. Using seed with size less than 0.355 mm and n-hexane as co-solvent with the following reaction conditions; reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction period of 24 h, methanol to seed ratio of 7.5 ml/g and 15 wt% of H2SO4, the oil extraction efficiency and FAME yield can reached 91.2% and 99.8%, respectively. This single step of reactive extraction process therefore can be a potential route for biodiesel production that reduces processing steps and cost.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin; Suzana Yusup. Reactive extraction and in situ esterification of Jatropha curcas L. seeds for the production of biodiesel. Fuel 2010, 89, 527 -530.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Keat Teong Lee, Azlina Harun Kamaruddin, Suzana Yusup. Reactive extraction and in situ esterification of Jatropha curcas L. seeds for the production of biodiesel. Fuel. 2010; 89 (2):527-530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin; Suzana Yusup. 2010. "Reactive extraction and in situ esterification of Jatropha curcas L. seeds for the production of biodiesel." Fuel 89, no. 2: 527-530.
It has been widely accepted worldwide that global warming is by far the greatest threat and challenge in the new millennium. In order to stop global warming and to promote sustainable development, renewable energy is a perfect solution to achieve both targets. Presently million hectares of land in Malaysia is occupied with oil palm plantation generating huge quantities of biomass. In this context, biomass from oil palm industries appears to be a very promising alternative as a source of raw materials including renewable energy in Malaysia. Thus, this paper aims to present current scenario of biomass in Malaysia covering issues on availability and sustainability of feedstock as well as current and possible utilization of oil palm biomass. This paper will also discuss feasibility of some biomass conversion technologies and some ongoing projects in Malaysia related to utilization of oil palm biomass as a source of renewable energy. Based on the findings presented, it is definitely clear that Malaysia has position herself in the right path to utilize biomass as a source of renewable energy and this can act as an example to other countries in the world that has huge biomass feedstock.
Siew Hoong Shuit; Kok Tat Tan; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: A Malaysian case study. Energy 2009, 34, 1225 -1235.
AMA StyleSiew Hoong Shuit, Kok Tat Tan, Keat Teong Lee, Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: A Malaysian case study. Energy. 2009; 34 (9):1225-1235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiew Hoong Shuit; Kok Tat Tan; Keat Teong Lee; Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. 2009. "Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: A Malaysian case study." Energy 34, no. 9: 1225-1235.