Zanthoxylum species (Syn. Fagara species) of the Rutaceae family are widely used in many countries as food and in trado-medicinal practice due to their wide geographical distribution and medicinal properties. Peer reviewed journal articles and ethnobotanical records that reported the traditional knowledge, phytoconstituents, biological activities and toxicological profiles of Z. species with a focus on metabolic and neuronal health were reviewed. It was observed that many of the plant species are used as food ingredients and in treating inflammation, pain, hypertension and brain diseases. Over 500 compounds have been isolated from Z. species, and the biological activities of both the plant extracts and their phytoconstituents, including their mechanisms of action, are discussed. The phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of some of the species are yet to be identified. Similarly, biological activities of some isolated compounds remain unknown. Taken together, the Z. species extracts and compounds possess promising biological activities and should be further explored as potential sources of new nutraceuticals and drugs.

The health benefits and toxicity of plant products are largely dependent on their secondary metabolite contents. These compounds are biosynthesized by plants as protection mechanisms against environmental factors and infectious agents. This review discusses the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and health benefits of plant species in genus Zanthoxylum with a focus on cancer, microbial and parasitic infections, and sickle cell disease as reported in articles published from 1970 to 2021 in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in major scientific databases. Generally, Z. species are widely distributed in Asia, America and Africa, where they are used as food and for disease treatment. Several compounds belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and lignans, among others have been isolated from Z. species. This review discusses the biological activities reported for the plant species and their phytochemicals, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-trypanosomal, antimalarial and anti-sickling properties. The safety profiles and suggestions for conservation of the Z. species were also discussed. Taken together, this review demonstrates that Z. species are rich in a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals with multiple health benefits, but more research is needed towards their practical application in the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals and lead compounds for new drugs.

A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6-Tris(4-carboxybenzimino)-1,3,5-triazine (MT) and its trinuclear Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) complexes were synthesized. These were characterized using UV-visible, IR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to the Ln(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by carboxylate anions to the Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) salen centers and displaying a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that MT is more active against the test micro-organisms relative to the trinuclear complexes. Acute toxicity studies revealed that MT is safe and has a wide range of effective doses (ED₅₀). In vivo antimalarial studies indicate that MT could serve as an effective antimalarial agent since it has parasitemia inhibition of 84.02% at 50 mg/kg and 65.81% at 25 mg/kg, close to the value (87.22%) of the standard drug—Artesunate. Molecular docking simulation studies on the compounds against SARS-CoV-2 (6Y84) and E. coli DNA gyrase (5MMN) revealed effective binding interactions through multiple bonding modes. The binding energy calculated for Er(III)MT-6Y84 and Er(III)MT-5MMN complexes showed active molecules with the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and E. coli DNA gyrase.

Because of the pivotal role of zooplankton in most aquatic ecosystems; there is constant need to explore the effect of stressors (such as physicochemical properties of freshwater) on their abundance. We documented the effect of temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO₃-), and phosphate (PO₄³^-) on the abundance of zooplankton of the River Adada, Nigeria. Using a manual pump, zooplankton were collected from three strategic stations from January to April (dry season) and June to September (rainy season). A total of 2,219 (dry = 945; rainy = 1,274) zooplankton occurred in the following descending order of abundance: copepods < rotifers < cladocerans < ostracods < insect larva. Whereas based on species number, cladocerans (n = 10) < copepods (n = 8) < rotifers (n = 7) < insect larva (n = 4) < ostracods (n = 2) occurred in this descending order. The downstream (station C) had more zooplankton (dry = 427; rainy = 391), followed by the mid-stream (station B; dry = 216; rainy = 591) and upstream (station A; dry = 302; rainy = 292). There was also a significant (P < 0.05) joint interactive effect of thermal condition on turbidity, pH, DO, PO₄³^- and NO₃- to influence zooplankton abundance. Indicating that temperature is an important factor determining the assemblage of zooplankton in freshwater. Nevertheless, to assure an accurate evaluation of the effect of physicochemical parameters on zooplankton abundance in freshwater, future studies should include extended study periods and make use of more sophisticated trapping technique that would ensure the collection of a larger sample size with more species of zooplankton.