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An experimental nano-filled coating, based on a fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, was applied on calcareous stones, representative of materials used in buildings and monuments of the Mediterranean basin; for comparison purposes, two commercial products were applied on the same substrates. The efficacy of the protective treatments was assessed by analyzing different characteristics of the three experimental/commercial products, i.e., color changes and permeability to water vapor to evaluate the treatments’ harmlessness; capillary water absorption and water stone contact angle to evaluate the protection against water ingress; oleophobicity of the treated surfaces and the behavior under staining by acrylic blue-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker to verify the anti-graffiti action. Finally, the properties of the treated stone surfaces were analyzed also after the application of pancreatin, used to simulate bird excreta (guano). The protective coatings were found to promote graffiti removal, reducing also the detrimental effects due to simulated guano. The experimental nano-filled product, in addition, was able to provide outstanding performance but using smaller amounts of product in comparison to commercial systems.
Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariaenrica Frigione. Novel Nano-Filled Coatings for the Protection of Built Heritage Stone Surfaces. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 301 .
AMA StyleMariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Mariaenrica Frigione. Novel Nano-Filled Coatings for the Protection of Built Heritage Stone Surfaces. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (2):301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariaenrica Frigione. 2021. "Novel Nano-Filled Coatings for the Protection of Built Heritage Stone Surfaces." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2: 301.
The conservation and protection of ancient buildings and art-works made of stone materials, that constitute the Cultural Heritage of each Country, are very delicate tasks involving different experts and disciplines. The most common and successful method for protecting the stone-made constructions and art-works consists in applying on their surfaces protective layers of polymers having oleo-hydrophobic character. Polymer materials themselves can undergo degradation if they interact with external agents, thus reducing their protective features. The durability of the protected stones is the subject of many investigations in the last decades, but, among the agents able to severely affect the treated stone substrates outdoor exposed, only little attention has been paid so far to the effects of bird droppings, also known as guano. This work would contribute to fill this gap, assessing the effects due to bird excreta on two kinds of stone (a very porous, Lecce stone, and a more compact, Trani stone) protected with an experimental polymer coating containing SiO2 nanoparticles in comparison with two commercial protective polymer products. Color, surface hydrophobicity, water vapor permeability, and capillary water absorption were evaluated before and after exposure to pancreatin, used to simulate bird droppings. Different behaviors were observed depending on the stone porosity and the nature of the polymer coating. Good performance was obtained using the coatings with nanoparticles.
Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariaenrica Frigione. Durability to simulated bird guano of nano-filled oleo/hydrophobic coatings for the protection of stone materials. Progress in Organic Coatings 2020, 148, 105900 .
AMA StyleMariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Mariaenrica Frigione. Durability to simulated bird guano of nano-filled oleo/hydrophobic coatings for the protection of stone materials. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2020; 148 ():105900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariaenrica Frigione. 2020. "Durability to simulated bird guano of nano-filled oleo/hydrophobic coatings for the protection of stone materials." Progress in Organic Coatings 148, no. : 105900.
This paper aims at reviewing the works published in the last five years (2016–2020) on polymer nanocomposites based on epoxy resins. The different nanofillers successfully added to epoxies to enhance some of their characteristics, in relation to the nature and the feature of each nanofiller, are illustrated. The organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructured epoxies are also introduced and their strong potential in many applications has been highlighted. The different methods and routes employed for the production of nanofilled/nanostructured epoxies are described. A discussion of the main properties and final performance, which comprise durability, of epoxy nanocomposites, depending on chemical nature, shape, and size of nanoparticles and on their distribution, is presented. It is also shown why an efficient uniform dispersion of the nanofillers in the epoxy matrix, along with strong interfacial interactions with the polymeric network, will guarantee the success of the application for which the nanocomposite is proposed. The mechanisms yielding to the improved properties in comparison to the neat polymer are illustrated. The most important applications in which these new materials can better exploit their uniqueness are finally presented, also evidencing the aspects that limit a wider diffusion.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies. Materials 2020, 13, 3415 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri. Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies. Materials. 2020; 13 (15):3415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. 2020. "Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies." Materials 13, no. 15: 3415.
Increasing concerns about climate change and global warming bring about technical steps for the development of several energy-efficient technologies. Since the building sector is one of the largest energy users for cooling and heating necessities, the incorporation of a proper energy-efficient material into the building envelopes could be an interesting solution for saving energy. Phase change material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage (TES) seems suitable to provide efficient energy redistribution. This is possible because the PCM is able to store and release its latent heat during the phase change processes that occurs according to the environmental temperature. The purpose of this paper was the characterization of the thermal properties of a composite PCM (i.e., Lecce stone/poly-ethylene glycol, previously developed) incorporated into mortar compositions based on different binders (i.e., hydraulic lime and cement). The study was carried out using an experimental set up through which it was possible to simulate the different seasons of the years. It was observed that the addition of PCM in mortars leads to a decrease of the maximum temperatures and increase of the minimum temperatures. Furthermore, the results shown a reduction of the heating and cooling needs, thus confirming the capability of this material to save energy.
Antonella Sarcinella; José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar; Mariateresa Lettieri; Sandra Cunha; Mariaenrica Frigione. Thermal Performance of Mortars Based on Different Binders and Containing a Novel Sustainable Phase Change Material (PCM). Materials 2020, 13, 2055 .
AMA StyleAntonella Sarcinella, José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar, Mariateresa Lettieri, Sandra Cunha, Mariaenrica Frigione. Thermal Performance of Mortars Based on Different Binders and Containing a Novel Sustainable Phase Change Material (PCM). Materials. 2020; 13 (9):2055.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonella Sarcinella; José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar; Mariateresa Lettieri; Sandra Cunha; Mariaenrica Frigione. 2020. "Thermal Performance of Mortars Based on Different Binders and Containing a Novel Sustainable Phase Change Material (PCM)." Materials 13, no. 9: 2055.
Different hybrid epoxy formulations were produced and cold-cured, monitoring the properties development during low temperature curing and aging. All systems were based on silane functionalized bis-phenol A (DGEBA) resins (Part A), cured at ambient temperature with two amine hardeners (Part B). The different components of the formulations were selected on their potential capability to bring about enhancements in the glass transition temperature. The durability of the produced hybrids was probed in comparison to the corresponding neat epoxies by monitoring changes in glass transition temperature (Tg) and flexural mechanical properties after exposure to different levels of humidity and immersion in water and at temperatures slightly higher than the local ambient temperature, in order to simulate the conditions encountered during summer seasons in very humid environments. The thermal degradation resistance of the hybrid systems was also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Francesca Lionetto; Leno Mascia. Experimental Cold-Cured Nanostructured Epoxy-Based Hybrid Formulations: Properties and Durability Performance. Polymers 2020, 12, 476 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri, Francesca Lionetto, Leno Mascia. Experimental Cold-Cured Nanostructured Epoxy-Based Hybrid Formulations: Properties and Durability Performance. Polymers. 2020; 12 (2):476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Francesca Lionetto; Leno Mascia. 2020. "Experimental Cold-Cured Nanostructured Epoxy-Based Hybrid Formulations: Properties and Durability Performance." Polymers 12, no. 2: 476.
In recent years, graffiti writings are increasingly regarded as a form of art. However, their presence on historic building remains a vandalism and different strategies have been developed to clean or, preferably, protect the surfaces. In this study, an experimental nano-filled coating, based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, and two commercial products have been applied on compact and porous calcareous stones, representative of building materials used in the Mediterranean basin, and their anti-graffiti ability has been analyzed. All the tested experimental and commercial coatings exhibited high hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, thus meeting one of the basic requirements for anti-graffiti systems. The effects of staining by acrylic blu-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker were, then, assessed; the properties of the treated stone surfaces after cleaning by acetone were also investigated. Visual observations, contact angle measurements and color evaluations were performed to this aim. It was found that the protective coatings facilitated the spray paint removal; however high oleophobicity or paint repellence did not guarantee a complete cleaning. The stain from the felt-tip marker was confirmed to be extremely difficult to remove. The cleaning with a neat unconfined solvent promoted the movement of the applied polymers (and likely of the paint, as well) in the porous structure of the stone substrate.
Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariachiara Pipoli; Alessandra Morelli; Mariaenrica Frigione. Anti-Graffiti Behavior of Oleo/Hydrophobic Nano-Filled Coatings Applied on Natural Stone Materials. Coatings 2019, 9, 740 .
AMA StyleMariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Mariachiara Pipoli, Alessandra Morelli, Mariaenrica Frigione. Anti-Graffiti Behavior of Oleo/Hydrophobic Nano-Filled Coatings Applied on Natural Stone Materials. Coatings. 2019; 9 (11):740.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Mariachiara Pipoli; Alessandra Morelli; Mariaenrica Frigione. 2019. "Anti-Graffiti Behavior of Oleo/Hydrophobic Nano-Filled Coatings Applied on Natural Stone Materials." Coatings 9, no. 11: 740.
Eco-sustainable, low toxic and low flammable poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) was forced into flakes of the porous Lecce stone (LS), collected as stone cutting wastes, employing a very simple cheap method, to produce a “form-stable” phase change material (PCM). The experimental PCM was included in mortars based on different binders (hydraulic lime, gypsum and cement) in two compositions. The main thermal and mechanical characteristics of the produced mortars were evaluated in order to assess the effects due to the incorporation of the PEG-based PCM. The mortars containing the PEG-based PCM were found to be suitable as thermal energy storage systems, still displaying the characteristics melting and crystallization peaks of PEG polymer, even if the related enthalpies measured on the mortars were appreciably reduced respect to pure PEG. The general reduction in mechanical properties (in flexural and compressive mode) measured on all the mortars, brought about by the presence of PEG-based PCM, was overcome by producing mortars possessing a greater amount of binder. The proposed LS/PEG composite can be considered, therefore, as a promising PCM system for the different mortars analyzed, provided that an optimal composition is identified for each binder.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella; José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar; José Barroso De Aguiar. Applications of Sustainable Polymer-Based Phase Change Materials in Mortars Composed by Different Binders. Materials 2019, 12, 3502 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri, Antonella Sarcinella, José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar, José Barroso De Aguiar. Applications of Sustainable Polymer-Based Phase Change Materials in Mortars Composed by Different Binders. Materials. 2019; 12 (21):3502.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella; José Luìs Barroso De Aguiar; José Barroso De Aguiar. 2019. "Applications of Sustainable Polymer-Based Phase Change Materials in Mortars Composed by Different Binders." Materials 12, no. 21: 3502.
An experimental study aimed at investigating the possibility to produce a Phase Change Material (PCM) for mortars by incorporating through the “form-stable method” a thermoplastic low-melting polymer (PEG 1000) into a porous inert substrate (i.e., Lecce Stone), obtained as residue from processing stone, is reported. The viscosity of pure PEG at different temperatures was first assessed to identify an appropriate processing temperature to introduce fluid PEG into the pores of the stone. A complete (chemical, thermal and morphological) characterization was performed on the developed PCM composites, varying the impregnation times. Aerial lime-based mortars were produced with the addition of the selected experimental PCM composite, taking as comparison the mortar containing only the stone as inert aggregate. On the different mortars, mechanical tests were performed in both compression and bending mode and the thermal conductivity was measured.
M. Frigione; M. Lettieri; A. Sarcinella; J. Barroso de Aguiar. Sustainable polymer-based Phase Change Materials for energy efficiency in buildings and their application in aerial lime mortars. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 231, 117149 .
AMA StyleM. Frigione, M. Lettieri, A. Sarcinella, J. Barroso de Aguiar. Sustainable polymer-based Phase Change Materials for energy efficiency in buildings and their application in aerial lime mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 231 ():117149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Frigione; M. Lettieri; A. Sarcinella; J. Barroso de Aguiar. 2019. "Sustainable polymer-based Phase Change Materials for energy efficiency in buildings and their application in aerial lime mortars." Construction and Building Materials 231, no. : 117149.
The construction industry is responsible for consuming large amounts of energy. The development of new materials with the purpose of increasing the thermal efficiency of buildings is, therefore, becoming, imperative. Thus, during the last decades, integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) into buildings has gained interest. Such materials can reduce the temperature variations, leading to an improvement in human comfort and decreasing at the same time the energy consumption of buildings, due to their capability to absorb and release energy from/in the environment. In the present paper, recent experimental studies dealing with mortars or concrete-containing PCMs, used as passive building systems, have been examined. This review is mainly aimed at providing information on the currently investigated materials and the employed methodologies for their manufacture, as well as at summarizing the results achieved so far on this subject.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella. Phase Change Materials for Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Their Use in Mortars. Materials 2019, 12, 1260 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri, Antonella Sarcinella. Phase Change Materials for Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Their Use in Mortars. Materials. 2019; 12 (8):1260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella. 2019. "Phase Change Materials for Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Their Use in Mortars." Materials 12, no. 8: 1260.
Conservation strategies to limit the degradation of stone materials are being constantly developed. To this aim, new materials are designed to confer hydrophobic properties and anti-graffiti protection to the treated surfaces. Hybrid nanocomposites, based on inorganic nano-particles added to an organic matrix, have been recently proposed for treatments of stone surfaces, obtaining promising and innovative properties. In the present paper, an experimental product based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, a commercial fluorine-based product and a silicon-based material were applied as protective coatings on two calcareous stones (compact and porous) widely employed in the Mediterranean region. All the studied products are expected to provide both water and anti-graffiti protection to both stones’ surfaces. The rheological characterization of the liquid products, changes in color of the surfaces, and variations in water vapor permeability allowed the compatibility of the protective systems applied to stones to be evaluated. Water–stone contact angle measurements and water absorption by capillarity were used to control the action against water ingress. The oleophobicity was assessed by measuring the oil–stone contact angle. The experimental nano-filled product proved to be a suitable hydrophobic coating for compact and porous stones; furthermore, it provides high oleophobicity to the treated surfaces, as required for anti-graffiti systems.
Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Alessandra Morelli; Mariachiara Pipoli; Mariaenrica Frigione. Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity. Coatings 2018, 8, 429 .
AMA StyleMariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Alessandra Morelli, Mariachiara Pipoli, Mariaenrica Frigione. Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity. Coatings. 2018; 8 (12):429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Alessandra Morelli; Mariachiara Pipoli; Mariaenrica Frigione. 2018. "Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity." Coatings 8, no. 12: 429.
Over the last few years, photocatalytic titanium dioxide coatings have been explored in laboratory conditions to create building materials with self-cleaning and depolluting abilities. Assessing the performances of the photocatalytic surfaces under real conditions may provide basic knowledge to evaluate the potential of real applications of TiO2 coatings in buildings. In this study, the performance of photocatalytic limestone surfaces obtained through coating with water-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated in an urban environment. Coated and uncoated samples were exposed to an urban site for one year. Before the exposure and periodically afterwards, optical microscopy observations, colour and contact angle measurements were performed on the sample surface. At the end of the exposure period, samples underwent a capillary water absorption test and self-cleaning efficiency was evaluated by a Rhodamine B photodegradation test. Ti and soluble fraction amounts on the sample surfaces were determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and ion chromatography, respectively. The overall results showed the TiO2 coating was better able to preserve the surface colour properties early after exposure. After eight months, this effect was lost and the self-cleaning efficiency was reduced to negligible final rates. No clear wettability results and no meaningful capillary behaviour were recorded. A decrease of the photocatalytic activity was due to both partial titania loss and deactivation phenomena. The role of soluble salt ions either adsorbed from the environment or produced by the photocatalytic abatement of pollutants was recognized in the deactivation of the photocatalysts and their accumulation deserves attention for possible stone damage risk implications.
M. Lettieri; D. Colangiuli; M. Masieri; A. Calia. Field performances of nanosized TiO2 coated limestone for a self-cleaning building surface in an urban environment. Building and Environment 2018, 147, 506 -516.
AMA StyleM. Lettieri, D. Colangiuli, M. Masieri, A. Calia. Field performances of nanosized TiO2 coated limestone for a self-cleaning building surface in an urban environment. Building and Environment. 2018; 147 ():506-516.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Lettieri; D. Colangiuli; M. Masieri; A. Calia. 2018. "Field performances of nanosized TiO2 coated limestone for a self-cleaning building surface in an urban environment." Building and Environment 147, no. : 506-516.
A colloidal route was exploited to synthesize TiO2 anisotropic nanocrystal rods in shape (TiO2 NRs) with a surface chemistry suited for their dispersibility and processability in apolar organic solvents. TiO2 NRs were dispersed in chloroform and n-heptane, respectively, and the two resulting formulations were investigated to identify the optimal conditions to achieve high-quality TiO2 NR-based coatings by the spray-coating application. In particular, the two types of TiO2 NR dispersions were first sprayed on silicon chips as a model substrate in order to preliminarily investigate the effect of the solvent and of the spraying time on the morphology and uniformity of the resulting coatings. The results of the SEM and AFM characterizations of the obtained coatings indicated n-heptane as the most suited solvent for TiO2 NR dispersion. Therefore, an n-heptane dispersion of TiO2 NRs was sprayed on a highly porous limestone—Lecce stone—very commonly used as building material in historic constructions and monuments present in Apulia Region (Italy). A comprehensive physical-chemical investigation of the TiO2 NR based treatment on the surface of the stone specimens, including measurements of colour variation, static contact angle, water transfer properties, and morphological characterization were performed. Finally, the photocatalytic properties of the coatings were assessed under solar irradiation by using Lecce stone specimens and Methyl Red as a model target compound. The obtained results demonstrated that TiO2 NRs based coatings can be successfully applied by spray-coating resulting in an effective photocatalytic and hydrophobic treatment, which holds great promise as a material for the environmental protection of architectural stone in the field of cultural heritage conservation.
Francesca Petronella; Antonella Pagliarulo; Alessandra Truppi; Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Angela Calia; M. Lucia Curri; Roberto Comparelli. TiO2 Nanocrystal Based Coatings for the Protection of Architectural Stone: The Effect of Solvents in the Spray-Coating Application for a Self-Cleaning Surfaces. Coatings 2018, 8, 356 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Petronella, Antonella Pagliarulo, Alessandra Truppi, Mariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Angela Calia, M. Lucia Curri, Roberto Comparelli. TiO2 Nanocrystal Based Coatings for the Protection of Architectural Stone: The Effect of Solvents in the Spray-Coating Application for a Self-Cleaning Surfaces. Coatings. 2018; 8 (10):356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Petronella; Antonella Pagliarulo; Alessandra Truppi; Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Angela Calia; M. Lucia Curri; Roberto Comparelli. 2018. "TiO2 Nanocrystal Based Coatings for the Protection of Architectural Stone: The Effect of Solvents in the Spray-Coating Application for a Self-Cleaning Surfaces." Coatings 8, no. 10: 356.
Titanium dioxide based nanocomposites for stone coating have been found to be promising in laboratory conditions to obtain manifold protective actions against pollution and weathering affecting the outdoor built heritage. Lasting performances in real conditions of these multifunctional coatings have been scarcely examined, although this is a key issue in evaluating their potential for applications in a real building context and their optimization. This paper illustrates a field study aimed at investigating simultaneous hydrophobic and self-cleaning effectiveness, on the medium-long run, of TiO2 NPs/fluoropolymer coatings applied on a limestone. The samples coated with the nanocomposites were exposed for one year in an urban environment and their surface was monitored. Hydrophobic properties were checked through contact angle measurements and a capillary water absorption test, while self-cleaning efficiency was evaluated by a photodegradation test of Rhodamine B. Optical microscopy observations and colour measurements were also performed. In addition, the contents of Ti and water-soluble ions on the sample surfaces were determined by X-ray Fluorescence and ion chromatography, respectively. The overall findings showed that TiO2 NPs did not affect the ability of the polymer to protect the stone surface against water penetration. The coatings were able to preserve the surfaces from dirt. However, photocatalytic efficiency progressively decreased, due to the loss of the photocatalyst from the coating surface, which may be attributed to a polymer modification by ageing. The embedding of nanosized titania within the polymer limited the adsorption and accumulation of soluble salt ions on the coated surface, which may increase the stone damage risk. The study supports that TiO2 NPs embedded in a fluoropolymer host matrix to appropriate amounts may be a suitable option to obtain stone coatings with both barrier effects against water penetration into the stone and photocatalytic ability, and provides useful knowledge for the improvement of these nanocomposites.
D. Colangiuli; M. Lettieri; M. Masieri; A. Calia. Field study in an urban environment of simultaneous self-cleaning and hydrophobic nanosized TiO2-based coatings on stone for the protection of building surface. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 650, 2919 -2930.
AMA StyleD. Colangiuli, M. Lettieri, M. Masieri, A. Calia. Field study in an urban environment of simultaneous self-cleaning and hydrophobic nanosized TiO2-based coatings on stone for the protection of building surface. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 650 ():2919-2930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Colangiuli; M. Lettieri; M. Masieri; A. Calia. 2018. "Field study in an urban environment of simultaneous self-cleaning and hydrophobic nanosized TiO2-based coatings on stone for the protection of building surface." Science of The Total Environment 650, no. : 2919-2930.
In order to protect a material belonging to Cultural Heritage (i.e., stone, wood) from weathering, and in turn to preserve its beauty and historical value for the future generations, the contact with external harmful agents, particularly water, must be avoided, or at least limited. This task can be successfully obtained with the use of a protective organic coating. The use of nano-metric reinforcing agents in conventional polymeric coatings demonstrated to be a successful route in achieving better protective performance of the films and improved physical properties, even in extreme environments. The present paper would, therefore, review the more recent findings in this field. Generally speaking, when a hydrophobic product is applied on its surface, the stone material will absorb less water and consequently, less substances which may be harmful to it. An efficient organic coating should also supply wear and abrasion resistance, resistance to aggressive chemicals, excellent bond to the substrate; finally, it should be also able to guarantee vapor exchange between the environment and the material interior, i.e., the material should keep the same water vapor permeability as if it was un-protected. To regard to the conservation of wood artifacts, protective treatments for wood will preserve the material from environmental agents and biological attack. Hence, potential advantages of hybrid (organic–inorganic) nano-composite coatings for stone/wood have been found to be: Enhanced mechanical properties in comparison to the pure polymeric matrix, due to the reinforcing effect of the nano-filler; superior barrier properties (the presence of the nano-filler hinders the ingress of water and/or potentially harmful chemicals); optical clarity and transparency. It has been found that the efficacy of a nano-filled coating strongly depends on the effectiveness of the method used to uniformly disperse the nano-filler in the polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the presence of nano-particles should not impair the viscosity of the organic matrix, in order to employ the conventional techniques of application for coatings.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. Novel Attribute of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Protection and Preservation of Materials (Stone and Wood) Belonging to Cultural Heritage. Coatings 2018, 8, 319 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri. Novel Attribute of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Protection and Preservation of Materials (Stone and Wood) Belonging to Cultural Heritage. Coatings. 2018; 8 (9):319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. 2018. "Novel Attribute of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Protection and Preservation of Materials (Stone and Wood) Belonging to Cultural Heritage." Coatings 8, no. 9: 319.
The main objective of this contribution is the study of mortars with the incorporation of polymer-based phase change materials (PCM) for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. The mortars are intended for an indoor thermal comfort in the typical climatic conditions of the Southern European countries. Production waste, such as stone powder from quarry, will also be incorporated in the mortars. The finer powder is proposed as mortar aggregate and, at the same time, as support for the PCM. Firstly, different procedures aimed at effectively introducing the selected polymeric material (PEG) into the Lecce Stone have been performed. The chemical and thermal characterization of these compounds has been carried out. The LS/PEG composites have been, then, added to a mortar. Experiments are in progress in order to characterize from chemical, physical, and thermal point of view the mortars with and without PCM, following the recommendations of the international standards in this field. In addition, the studied materials will be used to build laboratory-scale prototypes that will be tested in real environmental conditions.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella; José Barroso de Aguiar. Mortars with Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Stone Waste to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings. International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018) 2018, 195 -201.
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri, Antonella Sarcinella, José Barroso de Aguiar. Mortars with Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Stone Waste to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings. International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018). 2018; ():195-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri; Antonella Sarcinella; José Barroso de Aguiar. 2018. "Mortars with Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Stone Waste to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings." International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018) , no. : 195-201.
The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the rehabilitation of buildings or other infrastructure is increasingly becoming an effective and popular solution, being able to overcome some of the drawbacks experienced with traditional interventions and/or traditional materials. The knowledge of long-term performance and of durability behavior of FRP, in terms of their degradation/aging causes and mechanisms taking place in common as well as in harsh environmental conditions, still represents a critical issue for a safe and advantageous implementation of such advanced materials. The research of new and better performing materials in such fields is somewhat limited by practical and economical constrains and, as a matter of fact, is confined to an academic argument.
Mariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. Durability Issues and Challenges for Material Advancements in FRP Employed in the Construction Industry. Polymers 2018, 10, 247 .
AMA StyleMariaenrica Frigione, Mariateresa Lettieri. Durability Issues and Challenges for Material Advancements in FRP Employed in the Construction Industry. Polymers. 2018; 10 (3):247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariaenrica Frigione; Mariateresa Lettieri. 2018. "Durability Issues and Challenges for Material Advancements in FRP Employed in the Construction Industry." Polymers 10, no. 3: 247.
Angela Calia; Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Sudipto Pal; Antonio Licciulli; Valentina Arima. Limestones coated with photocatalytic TiO 2 to enhance building surface with self-cleaning and depolluting abilities. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 165, 1036 -1047.
AMA StyleAngela Calia, Mariateresa Lettieri, Maurizio Masieri, Sudipto Pal, Antonio Licciulli, Valentina Arima. Limestones coated with photocatalytic TiO 2 to enhance building surface with self-cleaning and depolluting abilities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 165 ():1036-1047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngela Calia; Mariateresa Lettieri; Maurizio Masieri; Sudipto Pal; Antonio Licciulli; Valentina Arima. 2017. "Limestones coated with photocatalytic TiO 2 to enhance building surface with self-cleaning and depolluting abilities." Journal of Cleaner Production 165, no. : 1036-1047.
Mariateresa Lettieri; Maria Teresa Giannotta. Investigations by Ft-Ir Spectroscopy on Residues in Pottery Cosmetic Vases from Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Basin. International Journal of Experimental Spectroscopic Techniques 2017, 2, 1 -10.
AMA StyleMariateresa Lettieri, Maria Teresa Giannotta. Investigations by Ft-Ir Spectroscopy on Residues in Pottery Cosmetic Vases from Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Basin. International Journal of Experimental Spectroscopic Techniques. 2017; 2 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariateresa Lettieri; Maria Teresa Giannotta. 2017. "Investigations by Ft-Ir Spectroscopy on Residues in Pottery Cosmetic Vases from Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Basin." International Journal of Experimental Spectroscopic Techniques 2, no. 1: 1-10.
Graffiti on facades often has a heavy impact in social and economic terms, particularly when historical and artistic artefacts are affected. To limit the damages to the surfaces, preventive plans are implemented and anti-graffiti coatings are used as a protective measure. In this study, the distribution of a spray paint inside a highly porous stone, with and without anti-graffiti protection, was investigated. Two commercial sacrificial anti-graffiti systems were used and an acrylic-based paint was applied as staining agent. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis were performed to characterise, from the morphological and chemical point of view, the anti-graffiti coatings and the paint. Maps of the main elements were acquired to locate the different products inside the stone. Chemical removers were used to clean the stained surfaces, then the effectiveness of the cleaning was assessed by visual observations and colour measurements, as well as on the basis of percentage of residual stain. The obtained results highlighted that the anti-graffiti efficacy strongly depended on the characteristics of the applied coating. This latter usually acted as a barrier, but good results were obtained only where the stain did not remain as a separate layer, but penetrated the protective coating. Microcracks in the anti-graffiti coating were able to nullify the protective action.
Maurizio Masieri; Mariateresa Lettieri. Influence of the Distribution of a Spray Paint on the Efficacy of Anti-Graffiti Coatings on a Highly Porous Natural Stone Material. Coatings 2017, 7, 18 .
AMA StyleMaurizio Masieri, Mariateresa Lettieri. Influence of the Distribution of a Spray Paint on the Efficacy of Anti-Graffiti Coatings on a Highly Porous Natural Stone Material. Coatings. 2017; 7 (2):18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurizio Masieri; Mariateresa Lettieri. 2017. "Influence of the Distribution of a Spray Paint on the Efficacy of Anti-Graffiti Coatings on a Highly Porous Natural Stone Material." Coatings 7, no. 2: 18.
Rod-shaped TiO2 nanocrystals (TiO2 NRs), capped by oleic acid molecules (OLEA), were synthesized with controlled size, shape and surface chemistry by using colloidal routes. They were investigated for application as coating materials for preserving architectural stone of monumental and archaeological interest, in consideration of their self-cleaning and protection properties. For this purpose, two different deposition techniques, namely casting and dipping, were tested for the application of a nanocrystal dispersion on a defined stone type, as a relevant example of porous calcarenites, namely the Pietra Leccese, a building stone widely used in monuments and buildings of cultural and historic interest of the Apulia region (Italy). The physical properties of the stone surface were investigated before and after the treatment with the prepared nanostructured materials. In particular, colour, wettability, water transfer properties and stability of the coating were monitored as a function of time and of the application method. The self-cleaning properties of the TiO2 NRs coated surfaces were tested under simulated and real solar irradiation. The obtained results were discussed in the light of the specific surface chemistry and morphology of TiO2 NRs, demonstrating the effectiveness of TiO2 NRs as an active component in formulations for stone protection.
Francesca Petronella; Antonella Pagliarulo; Marinella Striccoli; Angela Calia; Mariateresa Lettieri; Donato Colangiuli; Maria Lucia Curri; Roberto Comparelli. Colloidal Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Materials as Photocatalysts for Environmental Protection of Architectural Stone. Crystals 2017, 7, 30 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Petronella, Antonella Pagliarulo, Marinella Striccoli, Angela Calia, Mariateresa Lettieri, Donato Colangiuli, Maria Lucia Curri, Roberto Comparelli. Colloidal Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Materials as Photocatalysts for Environmental Protection of Architectural Stone. Crystals. 2017; 7 (1):30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Petronella; Antonella Pagliarulo; Marinella Striccoli; Angela Calia; Mariateresa Lettieri; Donato Colangiuli; Maria Lucia Curri; Roberto Comparelli. 2017. "Colloidal Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Materials as Photocatalysts for Environmental Protection of Architectural Stone." Crystals 7, no. 1: 30.