The selection of financing is a top priority for businesses, particularly in short- and long-term investment decisions. Mixing debt and equity leads to decisions on the financial structure for businesses. This research analyzes the moderate position of company size and the interest rate in the capital structure over six years (2013–2018) for 29 listed Pakistani enterprises operating in the sugar market. This research employed static panel analysis and dynamic panel analysis on linear and nonlinear regression methods. The capital structure included debt to capital ratio, non-current liabilities, plus current liabilities to capital as a dependent variable. Independent variables were profitability, firm size, tangibility, Non-Debt Tax Shield, liquidity, and macroeconomic variables were exchange rates and interest rates. The investigation reported that profitability, firm size, and Non-Debt Tax Shield were significant and negative, while tangibility and interest rates significantly and positively affected debt to capital ratio. This means the sugar sector has greater financial leverage to manage the funding obligations for the better performance of firms. Therefore, the outcomes revealed that the moderators have an important influence on capital structure.

The cycle of cash conversion relates to the time spread between the value of cash paid for purchases and the cash receipt from turnover. Using the State Bank of Pakistan data, this study introduces the direct and moderating role of the exchange rate, effective through the efficient execution of the cash conversion cycle between Pakistani 302 manufacturing companies from 1999–2015. Using the fixed effect as the static panel model and system GMM as a dynamic panel, it is observed that the exchange rate plays an authoritative moderating role between the cash conversion cycle and the financial performance. Results of the investigation have shown that in static panel analysis with the cash conversion period, the exchange rate has a positive and substantial moderating effect on return on assets and return on equity whereas that ER has a major negative impact on return on assets and return on equity using dynamic panel data analysis GMM. The issue of endogeneity in the static panel is addressed using the advanced approach of the standard error of the panel correction standard error method that changed the position of the significance of the moderator variable. Observers, therefore, intend to evaluate the fluctuations in the exchange rate as one of the variables of the financial output moderator in the context of current metrics such as asset’s returns, equity’s returns and gain more practical expression within their investigated results.

This study attempted to develop a happiness index tool for evaluating rehabilitation initiatives used to reinstate returnees at district Swat, Pakistan. The Happiness Index (HI) tool compares two periods, i.e., HI before rehabilitation (BR) and HI after rehabilitation (AR). The returnees’ happiness index (RHI) is also compared with Pakistan’s Happiness Index to identify the difference. Data for this study were elicited from 382 respondents through a structured survey questionnaire. The results show that after rehabilitation (AR), the returnees’ happiness index improved from 3.89 to 5.36, which is still less than the world happiness index of Pakistan, i.e., 5.65 in 2019. This study concluded that rehabilitation projects had a significantly positive impact on the HI of the returnees. However, more effective and sustainable initiatives are required to align the RHI to the HI of Pakistan. Further, the RHI tool adopted by this study is significant for measuring the happiness of the marginalized and affected people in Pakistan and beyond.

This study presents an analytical mathematical model for an integrated microbial fuel cell--oxic--anoxic bioreactor (MFC--OB--ANB) system designed for simultaneous slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and energy recovery. The model incorporates bioelectrochemical oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification processes using acetate as a representative substrate. Closed-form analytical solutions are derived for substrate degradation, nitrogen transformation, current density, and system voltage. The effects of biofilm thickness, membrane conductivity, and influent substrate concentration on treatment efficiency and power generation are systematically investigated. Results reveal that enhanced biofilm conductivity and reduced membrane resistance significantly improve energy recovery, while optimized substrate loading enhances nitrogen removal performance. The proposed framework provides valuable insights for the design and optimization of integrated bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment systems.

Three-dimensional (3D) flow of a viscoelastic fluid in the neighborhood of new family of modified stagnation point depending on shear to strain ratio over a flat surface is numerically investigated. Similarity equations are obtained from the fundamental conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration. The resulting set of nonlinear equations are solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme known as Keller-Box Method. A comparative analysis for modified Hiemenz flow, non-axisymmetric stagnation point and axisymmetric stagnation point flow is carried out. Velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, skin frictions local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are graphically presented and their variation with involved parameters is discussed in detail. We found that velocity concentration and temperature profiles increase by an increasing the values of We.