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The rapid rise in the number of fossil fuel uses over the last few decades has increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The purpose of implementing renewable energy solutions, such as solar, hydro, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources, is to mitigate global climate change worldwide. Solar energy has received more attention over the last few decades as an alternative source of energy, and it can play an essential role in the future of the energy industry. This is especially true of energy solutions that reduce land use, such as off-grid and on-grid solar rooftop technologies. This study aims to evaluate the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems in tropical environments. It also explores the effect of growing plants beneath PV panels. Two identical grid-connected PV systems—each containing five solar panels—were installed. The overall power production of each PV system was about 1.4 kWp. All the collected data were processed and analysed in the same way and by the same method. The PV systems were installed in two different environments—one with the possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViGR module) and one with no possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViSR module). The experiments were conducted in the Bo Yang District of Songkhla, Thailand over a 12-month period. Our findings indicate that green roof photovoltaic (GRPV) systems can produce around 2100 kWh of electricity in comparison to the 2000 kWh produced by other solar energy systems. Thereby, growing plants beneath PV panels increases electricity production efficiency by around 2%. This difference comes from the growing of plants underneath GRPV systems. Plants do not only help to trap humidity underneath GRPV systems but also help to cool the PV panels by absorbing the temperature beneath GRPV systems. Thus, in the production of electrical energy; the system was clearly showing significant differences in the mentioned results of both PV solar systems, which are evident for great energy efficiency performances in the future.
Chila Kaewpraek; Liaqat Ali; Arefin Rahman; Mohammad Shakeri; M. Chowdhury; M. Jamal; Shahin Mia; Jagadeesh Pasupuleti; Le Dong; Kuaanan Techato. The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4505 .
AMA StyleChila Kaewpraek, Liaqat Ali, Arefin Rahman, Mohammad Shakeri, M. Chowdhury, M. Jamal, Shahin Mia, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Le Dong, Kuaanan Techato. The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4505.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChila Kaewpraek; Liaqat Ali; Arefin Rahman; Mohammad Shakeri; M. Chowdhury; M. Jamal; Shahin Mia; Jagadeesh Pasupuleti; Le Dong; Kuaanan Techato. 2021. "The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4505.
Compaction of biomass through pelletization leads to the formation of a carbon neutral fuel with higher density. The aim of this present work was to determine the extent of influence of pelletizing pressure on pellet density and alteration of higher heating value (gross heat of combustion) of pellets. Eight species of wood sawdust and different compression pressures were used in pellet preparation. The sizes and mass of compressed samples were measured to calculate the pellet density and oxygen bomb calorimeter were used to determine higher heating value. Pellet density was seen to increase radically at first and then gradually with the increase of pelletizing pressure. In case of heating value, with increase in pelletizing pressure no definite trend was observed among the compressed biomass species. The pattern of bonding between biomass particles is the main factor influencing heat of combustion. The alteration of chemical composition, quantity of moisture and extractives, prevalence of favourable condition for lignin flow, migration of extractives to the surface and the presence of inter-particle gaps and voids affect the bonding quality. These factors differ from one biomass species to another which eventually leads to variation in higher heating value pattern.
Saumen Poddar; Mohammed Kamruzzaman; S.M.A. Sujan; M. Hossain; M.S. Jamal; M.A. Gafur; Mahfuza Khanam. Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher heating value. Fuel 2014, 131, 43 -48.
AMA StyleSaumen Poddar, Mohammed Kamruzzaman, S.M.A. Sujan, M. Hossain, M.S. Jamal, M.A. Gafur, Mahfuza Khanam. Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher heating value. Fuel. 2014; 131 ():43-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaumen Poddar; Mohammed Kamruzzaman; S.M.A. Sujan; M. Hossain; M.S. Jamal; M.A. Gafur; Mahfuza Khanam. 2014. "Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher heating value." Fuel 131, no. : 43-48.