This paper presents the implementation of an automatic method for the reconstruction of 3D building maps. The core innovation of the proposed method is the supplementation of OpenStreetMap data with LiDAR data to reconstruct 3D urban environments automatically. The only input of the method is the area that needs to be reconstructed, defined by the enclosing points in terms of the latitude and longitude. First, area data are requested in OpenStreetMap format. However, there are certain buildings and geometries that are not fully received in OpenStreetMap files, such as information on roof types or the heights of buildings. To complete the information that is missing in the OpenStreetMap data, LiDAR data are read directly and analyzed using a convolutional neural network. The proposed approach shows that a model can be obtained with only a few samples of roof images from an urban area in Spain, and is capable of inferring roofs in other urban areas of Spain as well as other countries that were not used to train the model. The results allow us to identify a mean of 75.57% for height data and a mean of 38.81% for roof data. The finally inferred data are added to the 3D urban model, resulting in detailed and accurate 3D building maps. This work shows that the neural network is able to detect buildings that are not present in OpenStreetMap for which in LiDAR data are available. In future work, it would be interesting to compare the results of the proposed method with other approaches for generating 3D models from OSM and LiDAR data, such as point cloud segmentation or voxel-based approaches. Another area for future research could be the use of data augmentation techniques to increase the size and robustness of the training dataset.

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar de qué manera la creación de cómics por parte de los alumnos propicia la comprensión y la empatía de las personas con necesidades específicas de apoyo educativo. Para ello se organizó una actividad consistente en la realización de un cómic centrado en cuestiones relacionadas con la inclusión educativa entre alumnos de 5º y 6º de Educación Primaria del Colegio “CEIP Parque de la Muñeca” de Guadalajara (España). El estudio muestra que el cómic puede ser una herramienta de gran interés que se puede utilizar en la educación primaria para dirigir al alumno a profundizar en temas sociales y, a su vez, fomentar de una manera distinta el proceso de reflexión y profundización acerca de la diversidad. Así mismo, el estudio también muestra la necesidad de incidir en el desarrollo de la alfabetización visual y las competencias multimodales entre los estudiantes a nivel de Educación Primaria.

Low-cost experimental application of real-time kinematic positioning for increasing the benefits in cereal crops

This paper analyzes the possibility of creating comics specifically for museum halls. With this aim, the paper briefly explores the role of the medium in museums throughout history before focusing on two key recent projects: Viñetas desbordadas, a work by Sergio García, Max and Ana Merino for the Centro José Guerrero in Granada, and El dibuixat, Paco Roca’s artistic exhibition for the Institut Valencià d’Art Modern. Based on both works, we explore the possibilities of comics as a narrative medium within the walls of the museum in contrast to the classic exhibitions dedicated to the presentation of original or isolated printed pages that imply a loss of that said narrative character. Furthermore, we try to answer the question of whether a comic created specifically for the museum, in which the reproducibility and classical association of the medium with its dissemination on paper is lost, maintains the specific elements of comics and if, therefore, we are facing a new possibility for a medium that, historically, has been changing its format to adapt to various circumstances.

This paper applies the theory of attachment to explain the reaction of readers to one of the most important deaths in comic strips: the death of Raven Sherman in Terry and the Pirates by Milton Caniff. The readers’ attachment to the character is shown in their letters preserved in the author’s collection at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. This attachment produces grief when an important character, such as Raven Sherman, dies. The collective grief involves the four phases presented by John Bowlby in relation to the loss of a close person, demonstrating readers’ attachment to the character in the strip. The paper also discusses how the possibility of grieving for a comic character has been lost because, among other reasons, death has lost significance in superhero comics.