Salt stress is a major constraint of crop productivity because it reduces yield and limits the expansion of agriculture. This study investigated salt tolerance in 26 cultivars of cut lilies (Lilium hybrids) by examining the effect of salt stress on the growth and morphological characteristics of flowers and leaves and their physiological properties (chlorophyll a fluorescence). Salt stress significantly affected the growth and development of cut lilies. Canonical discriminant analysis indicates that the middle leaf width, number of flowers, first flower diameter, petal width, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were correlated with salt stress, whereas plant height, the middle leaf length, days to flowering, and sepal width were less affected by the stress. The cultivars examined were divided into three groups: Group 1 included the salt-sensitive cultivars, which failed to develop normal flowers; Group 2 included cultivars sensitive to salt stress but tolerant to osmotic stress; and Group 3 was the salt-tolerant group, which developed commercially valuable flowers. In conclusion, the cultivars contained a variable range of cut flower characteristics and growth traits that can be employed for lily breeding programs and as material for molecular mechanisms and signaling networks under salt stress.

Scent is one of the most important economic traits in Freesia hybrida. “Shiny Gold”, a popular cultivar in South Korea, is widely cultivated for its scent. The relative scent intensity of “Shiny Gold” was approximately 16% higher in full-bloomed flower when compared to the yellow bud stage, while tissue-specifically, tepals showed higher intensity in electronic-nose (e-nose) analysis. E-nose analysis also showed that the scent intensity of “Shiny Gold” was higher and lower than “10C3-424” and “10C3-894”, respectively, and was similar to “Yvonne”. These results correlated to those of the olfactory tests. In total, 19 volatile compounds, including linalool, β-ocimene, D-limonene, trans-β-ionone were detected in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Among these, linalool was the major volatile compound, accounting for 38.7% in “Shiny Gold”. Linalool synthase and TPS gene expression corresponded to the scent intensity of the four cultivars, with the lowest expression in the “10C3-424”. TPS 2, TPS 3, TPS 5, TPS 6 and TPS 8 were highly expressed in both bud and flower in “Shiny Gold”, while the expression of TPS 4 was lower, relative to other TPS genes in both the flowering stages. These results may aid in enhancing scent composition in Freesia cultivars using marker-assisted selection.

This study investigated trends in lily ( Lilium hybrids) cultivars and challenges for growing cut lily flowers using a survey of producers in the South Korean lily industry. A questionnaire requested information on various topics including the total growing area, length of farming experience, cultivars grown, factors considered when purchasing bulbs, cultivation systems, horticultural practices, disease and pest problems, and horticultural problems. The survey targeted the membership of the Korea Lily Producer Association and the number of respondents corresponded to 43% of all lily farmers in the country. Oriental-Trumpet (OT) hybrid ‘Yelloween’ and Oriental hybrids ‘Siberia’, ‘Medusa’, and ‘Sorbonne’ were mainly cultivated in South Korea. The main flower colors were yellow, white, and pink. Factors considered in choosing cultivars were the prices of bulbs and cut flowers affecting income of the farm. More than 90% of respondents used soil culture in a greenhouse to grow cut flowers. There were various horticultural practices used from planting to harvest. The main pests harming bulb and flower productivity were fungus gnat ( Bradysia difformis ) and bulb mite ( Rhizoglyphus robini ), and the most common horticultural problem was leaf scorch. Overall, the survey suggested that the stable production of lily bulb with low cost and high quality was required and practical techniques should be developed for increasing the cut lily production efficiency. In addition, the pests, diseases, and horticultural problems in the given local environmental conditions should be considered when breeding new cultivars and developing production technology.

Background and objective: This study examines the effect of gardening activity level, plant preference, and key variables of police officers on resilience.Methods: A total of 105 male and female respondents with an average age of 40.6 ± 9.3 were surveyed and analyzed.Results: Respondents with older age, higher education, higher average monthly income, and longer period of service tended to show higher means of gardening activity level. Among the three factors of resilience (control, sociability, and positivity), control was higher in the graduate school group than other groups, showing statistical significance. Tulipa spp. and Narcissus spp. showed the highest preferences among the 8 cultivars of flowering plants, followed by Iris spp., Dahlia spp., Allium giantium, Eustoma grandiflourm, Zantedeschia spp. > Lilium Oriental Hybrids. And, as a result of examining the preferences for 6 plant colors, yellow and green were preferred the most, followed by white, blue, orange, and then red, showing statistical significance. The resilience of police officers showed a positive correlation with gardening activity level, multidimensional calling, job satisfaction, and plant preferences, and a negative correlation with stress level and job burnout, showing statistical significance. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of gardening activity level, plant cultivar and color preference, multidimensional calling measure, job burnout, stress level, and demographic variables (control variables) on resilience. The results showed that job burnout had the greatest impact on resilience. The results of this study suggest that it will be possible to increase the resilience effect for police officers with severe trauma by using mostly yellow plants when forming gardens in the streets or the workplaces of police officers, and also by using Tulipa spp. for spring.Conclusion: The resilience effect of the natural environment through the application of plants to police officers with severe occupational trauma could improve the quality of life and relieve stress.