Crop diseases constitute a serious issue in agriculture, affecting both quality and quantity of agriculture production. Disease control has been a research object in many scientific and technologic domains. Technological advances in sensors, data storage, computing resources and artificial intelligence have shown enormous potential to control diseases effectively. A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of using data from different types of sensors and machine learning approaches to build models for detection, prediction, analysis, assessment, etc. However, the increasing number and diversity of research studies requires a literature review for further developments and contributions in this area. This paper reviews state-of-the-art machine learning methods that use different data sources, applied to plant disease detection. It lists traditional and deep learning methods associated with the main data acquisition modalities, namely IoT, ground imaging, unmanned aerial vehicle imaging and satellite imaging. In addition, this study examines the role of data fusion for ongoing research in the context of disease detection. It highlights the advantage of intelligent data fusion techniques, from heterogeneous data sources, to improve plant health status prediction and presents the main challenges facing this field. The study concludes with a discussion of several current issues and research trends.

Immersive learning has been recognized as a promising paradigm for enhancing educational experiences through the integration of VR. We propose an architecture for intelligent tutoring in immersive VR environments that employs LLM-based non-playable characters. Key system capabilities are identified, including natural language understanding, real-time adaptive dialogue, and multimodal interaction through hand tracking, gaze detection, and haptic feedback. The system synchronizes speech output with NPC animations, enhancing both interactional realism and cognitive immersion. This design demonstrates that AI-driven VR interactions can significantly improve learner engagement. System performance was generally stable; however, minor latency was observed during speech processing, indicating areas for technical refinement. Overall, this research highlights the transformative potential of VR in education and emphasizes the importance of ongoing optimization to maximize its effectiveness in immersive learning contexts.