Research in the medical imaging field using deep learning approaches has become progressively contingent. Scientific findings reveal that supervised deep learning methods’ performance heavily depends on training set size, which expert radiologists must manually annotate. The latter is quite a tiring and time-consuming task. Therefore, most of the freely accessible biomedical image datasets are small-sized. Furthermore, it is challenging to have big-sized medical image datasets due to privacy and legal issues. Consequently, not a small number of supervised deep learning models are prone to overfitting and cannot produce generalized output. One of the most popular methods to mitigate the issue above goes under the name of data augmentation. This technique helps increase training set size by utilizing various transformations and has been publicized to improve the model performance when tested on new data. This article surveyed different data augmentation techniques employed on mammogram images. The article aims to provide insights into basic and deep learning-based augmentation techniques.

Breast cancer is one of the most common death causes amongst women all over the world. Early detection of breast cancer plays a critical role in increasing the survival rate. Various imaging modalities, such as mammography, breast MRI, ultrasound and thermography, are used to detect breast cancer. Though there is a considerable success with mammography in biomedical imaging, detecting suspicious areas remains a challenge because, due to the manual examination and variations in shape, size, other mass morphological features, mammography accuracy changes with the density of the breast. Furthermore, going through the analysis of many mammograms per day can be a tedious task for radiologists and practitioners. One of the main objectives of biomedical imaging is to provide radiologists and practitioners with tools to help them identify all suspicious regions in a given image. Computer-aided mass detection in mammograms can serve as a second opinion tool to help radiologists avoid running into oversight errors. The scientific community has made much progress in this topic, and several approaches have been proposed along the way. Following a bottom-up narrative, this paper surveys different scientific methodologies and techniques to detect suspicious regions in mammograms spanning from methods based on low-level image features to the most recent novelties in AI-based approaches. Both theoretical and practical grounds are provided across the paper sections to highlight the pros and cons of different methodologies. The paper’s main scope is to let readers embark on a journey through a fully comprehensive description of techniques, strategies and datasets on the topic.

Machine learning is one of the break-through technologies of the modern digital world. It's applications are found in various research domain such as medicine, image processing, production and manufacturing, aviation and autonomics and many more. To efficiently run a machine, it's maintenance and its monitoring automation system play a key role. The major problem we are targetting is to overcome the lack of an automation system which can give an accuracy rate of the production machine at a given instance of time. Also, the important energy meter parameters required to make power report in an automation system for addressing the production issues, at a given interval of time, were also not recorded. Thus in this paper, we describe how machine learning techniques are used for prediction of the accuracy of running production machine. To address these issues, we have used supervised machine learning technique of Binary decision tree using CART method and for power report, while the data is fetched using RS232 to RS485 convertor via Modbus communication protocol. Using CART we have predicted the machine accuracy at a given time with specific energy meter readings as its input features. This paper discusses the problem definition identified, data analysis of energy meter data and it's fetching and at the end ML techniques applied to predict the accuracy of running production machine. In the end, we prepare various power reports of the different machines from the fetched parameters as well as produce a graphical warning of deteriorating performance of the machine at a given instance of the time.