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Andreas Gerlach
Institute for Electric Power Systems, Otto von Guericke Universitat Magdeburg, 9376 Magdeburg, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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This paper describes the design method for an electrical machine for a free piston linear generator. As with other applications for linear machines, defining a steady state operating point as the basis for the design proved infeasible. To overcome the challenge of optimizing for an alternating motion cycle with accelerations and dynamic load forces, a previously established design methodology was implemented. In addition to the experimental validation of the optimization approach, each research step was presented, beginning with the preliminary choices for the machine topology. This was followed by the optimization of the linear machine and lastly the measurements of its characteristics for comparison with the simulation. A control strategy was determined and a machine prototype constructed that achieved the desired operating cycle, matching the simulated behavior remarkably.

ACS Style

Sebastian Benecke; Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. Comprehensive Design Method and Experimental Examination of an Electrical Machine for a Free Piston Linear Generator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2021, PP, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Sebastian Benecke, Andreas Gerlach, Roberto Leidhold. Comprehensive Design Method and Experimental Examination of an Electrical Machine for a Free Piston Linear Generator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2021; PP (99):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Benecke; Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. 2021. "Comprehensive Design Method and Experimental Examination of an Electrical Machine for a Free Piston Linear Generator." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics PP, no. 99: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Internal combustion engines with a crankshaft have been successfully developed for many years. They are lacking in the fact that the piston trajectory, i.e., position as a function of time, is limited by the crankshaft motion law. Position-controlled electric linear machines directly coupled to the piston allow to realize free-piston engines. Unlike the crankshaft-based engines, they allow for a higher degree of freedom in shaping the piston trajectory, including adaptive compression ratios, which enables optimal operation with alternative fuels. The possibility of adapting the stroke course results in new degrees of freedom with which the combustion process can be optimized. In this work, four-stroke trajectories with different amplitudes and piston dynamics have been proposed and analyzed regarding efficiency. A simulation model was created based on experimental measurements for testing the proposed trajectories. It could be proved that the variation of the trajectory resulted in an improvement of the overall efficiency. The trajectories were described analytically so that they can be used for a prototype in a future work.

ACS Style

Robin Tempelhagen; Andreas Gerlach; Sebastian Benecke; Kevin Klepatz; Roberto Leidhold; Hermann Rottengruber. Investigations for a Trajectory Variation to Improve the Energy Conversion for a Four-Stroke Free-Piston Engine. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5981 .

AMA Style

Robin Tempelhagen, Andreas Gerlach, Sebastian Benecke, Kevin Klepatz, Roberto Leidhold, Hermann Rottengruber. Investigations for a Trajectory Variation to Improve the Energy Conversion for a Four-Stroke Free-Piston Engine. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (13):5981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin Tempelhagen; Andreas Gerlach; Sebastian Benecke; Kevin Klepatz; Roberto Leidhold; Hermann Rottengruber. 2021. "Investigations for a Trajectory Variation to Improve the Energy Conversion for a Four-Stroke Free-Piston Engine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13: 5981.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
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A system consisting of an internal combustion engine (ICE) directly coupled to an electric machine for power generation as in range extenders is considered in this brief. The engine power is mostly controlled by acting on the throttle. A second control loop regulates the air-to-fuel ratio by measuring the exhaust oxygen and acting on the fuel-mass flow, whereas the electric machine is usually considered only for the energy conversion. In this brief, the influence of the throttle and the generator speed on the power control is studied. Moreover, a control strategy is proposed that, by acting on the generator, allows the power control without the need of a throttle actuator. The baseline system was compared with the proposed control strategy. The power control leads to a nonlinear control system that is dealt with via feedback linearization. The control strategy was designed and tested in an experimental prototype. The results validate the proposed control structure that ensures a high fuel conversion efficiency within a wide power range and foregoes the throttle actuator. The highest possible fuel conversion efficiency difference in the operation range is 10%.

ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Friedrich von Haeseler; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. Nonlinear Power Control of an Internal Combustion Engine Without Throttle Actuator. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 2020, 29, 1799 -1806.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Friedrich von Haeseler, Hermann Rottengruber, Roberto Leidhold. Nonlinear Power Control of an Internal Combustion Engine Without Throttle Actuator. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2020; 29 (4):1799-1806.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Friedrich von Haeseler; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. 2020. "Nonlinear Power Control of an Internal Combustion Engine Without Throttle Actuator." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 29, no. 4: 1799-1806.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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This paper describes a novel approach to the design of linear machines that are not run at a steady state operating point. The focus lies on minimizing the power loss to achieve highest possible efficiency. First analytical considerations reveal the potential of designing electrical machines for periodic, accelerated motion. It shows the influence of the machine size on the power losses due to the dependence of machine force as well as moving mass on this parameter. Based on these findings a simulation model was created that can be used with an optimization algorithm. The simulation consists of a stationary and a time dependent finite element analysis of the linear machine in conjunction with an operational model that includes a given movement cycle. It was used to design a flat type linear machine for a free piston linear generator. The simulation results validate the analytical calculations and illustrate the differences to conventional design approaches for linear machines.

ACS Style

Sebastian Benecke; Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. Design Principle for Linear Electrical Machines to Minimize Power Loss in Periodic Motions. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020, 56, 4820 -4828.

AMA Style

Sebastian Benecke, Andreas Gerlach, Roberto Leidhold. Design Principle for Linear Electrical Machines to Minimize Power Loss in Periodic Motions. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2020; 56 (5):4820-4828.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Benecke; Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. 2020. "Design Principle for Linear Electrical Machines to Minimize Power Loss in Periodic Motions." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 5: 4820-4828.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics
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ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Martin Fritsch; Sebastian Benecke; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. Variable Valve Timing With Only One Camshaft Actuator for a Single-Cylinder Engine. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 2019, 24, 1839 -1850.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Martin Fritsch, Sebastian Benecke, Hermann Rottengruber, Roberto Leidhold. Variable Valve Timing With Only One Camshaft Actuator for a Single-Cylinder Engine. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. 2019; 24 (4):1839-1850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Martin Fritsch; Sebastian Benecke; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. 2019. "Variable Valve Timing With Only One Camshaft Actuator for a Single-Cylinder Engine." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 24, no. 4: 1839-1850.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2018 in IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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The free piston engine is an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) without crankshaft. This allows driving an independent trajectory of the piston stroke, which adds a new degree of freedom for the control. This trajectory has to be controlled by using a linear electric machine. Most of the reaseach in free piston engines until now was focused on two-stroke cycles. The present paper focuses on a four-stroke cycle and investigates the particular requirements of the linear machine and its control. Especially in a four-stroke free piston engine it is possible to adjust every stroke trajectory to an optimal one depending on the operating point. Herefore a control structure is proposed and validated on a small experimental prototype of the engine. Unlike rotating engines, the directly driven piston provides also the opportuniy to estimate the instantaneous pressure of the cylinder without additional sensors, which allows to optimize the ignition point among others. For this, an observer is proposed and validated on the prototype.

ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. Control of a Directly Driven Four-Stroke Free Piston Engine. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2018, 4525 -4530.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Hermann Rottengruber, Roberto Leidhold. Control of a Directly Driven Four-Stroke Free Piston Engine. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2018; ():4525-4530.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. 2018. "Control of a Directly Driven Four-Stroke Free Piston Engine." IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , no. : 4525-4530.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2018 in IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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A power unit is used if a grid failure occurs or an off-grid operation is necessary. The energy conversion is possible with the coupling of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric machine. A torque ripple, caused by the pressure in the cylinder, occurs during the compression and expansion stroke of the ICE. This torque ripple has a great influence to the acoustic noise, vibrations and the lifetime of the power unit. The main task for a smooth operation is to reduce the torque ripple. For this purpose the electric machine can be used as actuator to compensate the torque ripple in addition to its main use of converting the electric energy. This is possible by using it in the compression stroke as an electric motor and in the expansion stroke as an electric generator. The challenge of this approach is to estimate accurately enough the produced torque of the ICE. The estimation is possible by using different technology efforts. The quality of the torque ripple compensation depends of the available sensors and the controlling effort. Consequential the main task results for this paper: It has to compare different compensation methods with the implementation complexity to estimate the achievable maximum torque damping.

ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. Comparison of Active Torque Damping Methods for a Power Unit in Relation to Implementation Complexity. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2018, 4519 -4524.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Roberto Leidhold. Comparison of Active Torque Damping Methods for a Power Unit in Relation to Implementation Complexity. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2018; ():4519-4524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Roberto Leidhold. 2018. "Comparison of Active Torque Damping Methods for a Power Unit in Relation to Implementation Complexity." IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , no. : 4519-4524.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2016 in IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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A system consisting of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric generator, as used in serial electric hybrid vehicles (EHV) or range-extended electric vehicles, is considered in this paper. The use of a torque controlled generator provides an additional actuating variable for the control of the ICE. In this way, the power of the ICE can be controlled without using throttle actuator while following nearly maximum efficiency trajectory. A simple control algorithm is proposed for this approach based on an inner speed and outer power control loop. The resulting system is simple, robust and efficient requiring less energy storage than the usual on/off control strategy for EHV. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a prototype and validated experimentally.

ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Niklas Forster; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. Efficient control of internal combustion engines for electric power generation without throttle actuator. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2016, 1802 -1807.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Niklas Forster, Hermann Rottengruber, Roberto Leidhold. Efficient control of internal combustion engines for electric power generation without throttle actuator. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2016; ():1802-1807.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Niklas Forster; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. 2016. "Efficient control of internal combustion engines for electric power generation without throttle actuator." IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , no. : 1802-1807.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2016 in IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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A system consisting of an internal combustion engine (ICE) directly coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is considered, which can be used as a range extender in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) or as a power unit. For control of both, the synchronous machine and the engine, it is necessary to know the position of the rotor / crankshaft. Instead of using a position sensor, the position will be determined indirectly by using only electric variables of the PMSM by a self-sensing method. In general the angle determined in this way is only used for the field orientation and speed control of the PMSM. In this paper it is shown that it can be also used to control the ICE. Therefore, the electric angle has to be transformed to an absolute angle of the ICE relative to the top dead centre (TDC). This angle can be used to set the ignition point, control the timing of the valves and the injection. To transform the electric angle to an absolute angle, the ICE is used as a sensor to determine the TDC. Therefore the compression torque of the ICE is estimated through the PMSM and compared with an ideal model. The resulting benefit of the proposal is that the TDC can be obtained sensorless, with an accuracy of +/- 0.8 degrees.

ACS Style

Andreas Gerlach; Benjamin Horn; Niklas Forster; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. Self - sensing control of a single cylinder ICE with directly coupled PMSM. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2016, 1864 -1869.

AMA Style

Andreas Gerlach, Benjamin Horn, Niklas Forster, Hermann Rottengruber, Roberto Leidhold. Self - sensing control of a single cylinder ICE with directly coupled PMSM. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2016; ():1864-1869.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Gerlach; Benjamin Horn; Niklas Forster; Hermann Rottengruber; Roberto Leidhold. 2016. "Self - sensing control of a single cylinder ICE with directly coupled PMSM." IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , no. : 1864-1869.