Local strong sandstorms (LSSs) in northwestern China often occur suddenly in tens of minutes during the late afternoon and by dusk. Observations and theoretical studies have shown the trigger role of cold-air pools over desert areas for the occurrence of LSS. In this study, a numerical heat convection model was established to simulate an LSS that was induced by a single cold pool with vertical helicity to study the evolution process. The Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method was used for the numerical calculation to illustrate different stages of the evolution process of an LSS. Results show that after the intrusion of a cold pool into the upper region of the surface convective mixing layer, descending of the cold air would lead to the downward transport of vorticity, enabling thermal convection cells in the mixing layer to become swirling convection cells. After LSS is fully developed, there occurs many subvortices (secondary vortices) in the convection field. The velocity at different altitudes over selected positions in the calculation domain is consistent with the "lobe" shape of an LSS. The secondary vortices cause quick and huge energy dissipation and the decay of the LSS. These results are consistent with observations and indicate the crucial effect of convection cells structure in the mixing layer and the cold pool in the upper layer on the formation of LSS.

Thunderstorm electrification has been studied for hundreds of years. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the electrification, including convective charging, inductive precipitation charging, and ice crystal-graupel collision charging. Field observations and model studies have demonstrated the vital roles that graupel and ice crystals play in the electrification, but the mechanism of the collision charging is still unclear. The fundamental essence of relative growth rate theory used for explaining the tripole charge structure in thunderclouds also needs a further exploration. We analyze the processes of ice crystal-graupel collision charging from charge migration inside hydrometeors to charge separation between two hydrometeors. The driving effects of temperature gradient and chemical potential gradient in charge migration are clarified, as well as the applicability of the relative growth rate theory, thermoelectric effect and surface tension gradient in different humidities. Based on the understanding from these electrification mechanisms, we propose that the essence of charge separation is driven by non-thermal equilibrium, and future studies on thunderstorm electrification should focus on the dynamical non-thermal equilibrium of cloud particles.