Background: No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been performed to examine the global prevalence of nomophobia by population, by instrument. Thus, this review was performed to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia by severity. Methods: American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception of each respective database to second week of January 2021 were used. There was no language restriction. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology was used for computation. Results: Twenty papers, involving 12,462 participants from ten countries, were evaluated for meta-analysis. The prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia is 70.76% [95% CI 62.62%; 77.75%]. The prevalence of severe nomophobia is 20.81% [95% CI 15.45%; 27.43%]. University students appeared to be the highest group affected with a prevalence of severe nomophobia 25.46% [95% CI 18.49%; 33.98%]. Meta-regressions of severe nomophobia showed that age and sex were not a successful predictor of severe nomophobia β = −0.9732, p = 0.2672 and β = −0.9732, p = 0.4986. Conclusions: The prevalence of severe nomophobia is approximately 21% in the general adult population. University students appeared to be the most impacted by the disorder.

NOMOPHOBIA, or NO MObile PHone Phobia, refers to a psychological condition in which people fear being disconnected from their mobile phones. The purpose of this review was to establish the prevalence of nomophobia symptoms in youth and young adults according to severity, country, culture, population, measurement tool, and year of data collection. An electronic search of fourteen databases, two digital preservation services, and three content aggregator services was conducted from the inception of each database until 15 September 2021. A total of 52 studies involving 47,399 participants from 20 countries were included in the analyses. The prevalence of nomophobia was defined as the proportion of individuals scoring at or above established cut-offs on validated measures. Based on a random-effects meta-analysis, approximately 20% of individuals showed mild symptoms of nomophobia, 50% showed moderate symptoms, and 20% showed severe symptoms. Our results showed that university students from non-Western cultures are the most likely to suffer severe symptoms. In the year 2021, the prevalence rate of nomophobia increased. The instrument that was best able to detect nomophobia was the nomophobia questionnaire. Most individuals who own mobile phones experience mild or moderate symptoms of nomophobia. Severe symptoms deserve attention from clinicians and research scientists. A valid method of identifying individuals with a severe addiction to their mobile phones will help with timely and effective therapeutic management.

Since COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic, a race between researchers has begun to deeply examine the mechanism of the virus and how to combat it. Few clinical investigations and studies have paid attention to the role of micronutrients in the disease's course and how it may affect the disease outcomes. Micronutrients have a noticeable effect on the host immune system regulation, as well as micronutrients insufficiencies where they can affect the host immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by, for example, altering the production and the function of the inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IFN-α, TNF and interleukins. Recent studies have shown that low levels of vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, zinc, selenium, copper and magnesium have a great clinical impact on COVID-19 patients, where, they are linked to prolong hospital stay, increase the mortality rate and raise the complications rate related not only to the respiratory system but also to the other systems. Optimizing the need for these micronutrients will act as a productive factor by decreasing the incidence of COVID-19 infection, lowering the rate of complications, and improving the disease prognosis and outcomes. Optimal micro-nutrition supports and contributes to the efficiency of COVID-19 vaccine. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of different micronutrients in the management of COVID-19 and optimizing vaccines, and to revile the clinical effects of micronutrients deficiencies on patients with COVID-19.

Introduction: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS) is a rare cause of upper intestinal obstruction characterizedby varying degrees of luminal obstruction of the third duodenal part. It can present suddenly or gradually with progressivesymptoms. Diagnosis is often delayed in view of nonspecific symptoms and extensive differential diagnosis. Considerablediscrepancy exists between radiological, endoscopic, and clinical features of SMAS. Cross-sectional imaging modalitieslike contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and MRI can identify the anatomical aberrations pathognomonic ofthe syndrome, besides helping to rule out other differential diagnoses. Upper gastro-intestinal (UGI) endoscopy can aid indecision-making and can help triage patients who need an upfront surgical approach. Patients with mild symptoms and nofeatures of luminal compromise on UGI endoscopy can be offered non-surgical treatment and monitored for their response.Surgery is indicated in patients with either significant upfront luminal compromise on UGI endoscopy or in cases that fail torespond to conservative management. Multiple surgical options have been described.Case report: In our case series, we present our experience with multiple cases diagnosed with SMAS. The two operated patients had quite different clinical presentations. One of the patients presented through the emergency department with features of upper gastrointestinal obstruction, whereas the other patient had chronic refractory symptoms not responding to maximal medical therapy. Both patients underwent a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy with uneventful recovery. Three patients were chosen for conservative management and they responded well with significant improvement of their symptoms.Conclusions: SMAS is a rare diagnosis. The clinical presentation is very variable, and the list of differential diagnoses is large,explaining in part the delay in appropriate treatment. A thorough evaluation is needed to rule out other conditions that canmimic SMAS. Whenever indicated, laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy offers substantial sustained relief of symptoms.