The purpose of the paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalisation of public services (e-government) and ESG factors (environmental, social and economic factors). As public administration is a major stakeholder influencing sustainable development and state governments are aiming to digitise their services, there is a need to better understand the effect of the digital revolution on ESG. This article aims to study the relationship between the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and ESG factors in 26 European countries. The linear ordering method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used for the study, followed by the Perkal index and the method of optimal predictors’ selection—the Hellwig method. The study is based on the Eurostat data (in the period 2003–2020), and the analysis includes ten variables: Share of environmental taxes in GDP; Exposure to dust air pollution; Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. (energy, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) (thousands of tonnes); Passenger transport volume in relation to GDP; At risk of poverty or social exclusion; Percentage of people satisfied with their financial situation among people aged 16+; Share of the ICT sector in GDP; Unemployment rate of people aged 20–64; Research and development expenditure in all sectors; GDP per capita. The in-depth analysis offers a matrix that represents the relationships between environmental taxes and the development of e-government. The main finding reveals statistically significant relationships between the EGDI and aggregate variables representing the environmental, social and economic spheres. It indicates a genuine, positive impact of digitalised administrative processes on sustainable development. It also seems to confirm that investments in digital infrastructure and government e-services bring multiple long-term benefits and contribute directly to all three domains relevant to the sustainability of modern development. The results of the analysis can be found useful by governments and governmental institutions as informing digitalisation strategies aimed at balancing the development of e-services and their support infrastructure. Nowadays, when planning strategic actions, one should take into account the social, economic and environmental impact of the digitalisation processes.

The rapid growth of aviation over the past fifty years has resulted in numerous negative environmental impacts due to the combustion of fossil fuels in aircraft engines. This paper presents the relationship between air transport and GHG emissions. Based on data on the development of aviation, the level of GHG emissions from transport, environmental tax revenues and the amount of GDP per capita in the countries of the European Union, an attempt was made to create a typification that would illustrate the interaction of GHG emissions with air transport, environmental taxes and GDP in the years 2009–2018. The next step to confirm the obtained results was the application of statistical methods: the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method of linear ordering and the Perkal index. Based on the study findings, the analyzed countries were divided into three groups: the group of innovators, the stable group and the group of students. The analysis revealed the relationship of all three analyzed variables with air transport. The development of the aviation sector leads to a significant increase in GHG emissions from transport, increased revenues from environmental taxes and acceleration of the rate of economic growth of a country.

Purpose – An attempt to assess the level of digital skills of the Polish society in relation to the assumptions adopted by the European Commission in 2021 in the document ‘Digital Compass 2030’. It was agreed at the EU forum that by 2030, at least 80% of the population in the EU countries will have basic digital skills, and the number of specialists in the field of ICT will be 20 million, with a greater gender balance (within ICT‑related professions). These are very ambitious goals that should also be achieved by Poland. In view of the above, the authors decided that it is necessary to define what the starting point for the implementation of the above‑mentioned tasks is, and thus how the current situation in our country is shaped in terms of the indicated areas. Research method – The study analyzes data from DESI (Digical Economy and Society Index) reports and Eurostat reports, and uses the results of selected studies on the analyzed issues. Conclusions – The analysis showed that the achievement of the goals set by the European Commission will be a great challenge for the country. Already at the starting point, i.e. in 2021, Poland is far behind compared to other EU countries. The level of digital skills of the Polish society is one of the lowest among the EU countries. Poland also has too few ICT specialists, with a large gender imbalance (in favor of men). Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The article showed that Polish society has too low a level of digital skills to take full advantage of the facilities related to the development of the digital economy. In this situation, it seems necessary to take decisive actions addressed to groups with different levels of digital skills, with particular emphasis on actions for digital inclusion, and to place particular emphasis on the further development of education for specialists in the field of ICT.

The aim of the study is to assess the diversification of the level of public administration computerization in the voivodships of Poland. Research method: The study selected quantitative indicators describing the level of computerization of public administration in the voivodships of Poland. The selected indicators were used conducting TOPSIS method analysis. Two rankings of voivodships were structured, using two variants of indicators weight. The analysis was based on Polish Central Statistical Office data and Local Database from 2014. Results: The research shows that-independently from the method of giving weight-the voivodships with the highest level of public administration computerization were Śląskie, Lubuskie, Wielkopolskie, Pomorskie, Dolnośląskie, Lubelskie and Zachodniopomorskie voividships. The voivodships with the lowest level of public administration's computerization were: podlaskie, warmińskomazurskie and świętokrzyskie voivodships.

Goal– the aim of the article is to assess the level of development of e-government services in Europe, with particular emphasis on the level of use of these services in Polish voivodships. Research methodology– the Perkal method and the analysis of the EGDI index were used to achieve the research objective. The study was conducted on the basis of the available data from the United Nations E-Government Survey and the Central Statistical Office in the area of public e-government services for citizens. Score/results – the analysis of the United Nations E-Government Survey reports showed that, since 2003, Denmark, Finland and Sweden have been occupying the highest place in the development of e-government in Europe and in the world. The research results showed that the level of the EGDI indicator increases over the years 2003–2022. The author’s own research on the use of e-government services in Polish voivodeships showed that over the years 2014–2022 the level of use of e-government services by citizens increased. Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie and Pomorskie Voivodships are characterized by the highest level of use of e-administration services, while the Świętokrzyskie, Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships are among the voivodships with the lowest use of these services. Originality/value – the introduction of various e-government solutions is becoming a very clear trend. Regional differences, on the other hand, result from the level of the state development in individual countries. The article showed that the use of e-government services in Poland by citizens is increasing, but it is still at an unsatisfactory level. Noticeable disproportions can be seen in individual voivodeships of Poland. Polish society does not take full advantage of the facilities offered by public administration, therefore it seems necessary in this situation to take decisive action that could encourage the society to use e-services. In order to enhance the increase in the use of these services, each voivodeship should develop separate actions that will contribute to greater interest of citizens in e-government services, and consequently to their use. The carried out analyses may therefore be a contribution to further in‑‑ depth research, because the issues of electronic administration are very up‑‑ to-date and knowledge in this field requires constant updating.