OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the association between obesity and glaucoma in middle-aged and older people. A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.METHODS: Glaucoma was assessed via self-reports. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess the relationship between obesity and glaucoma risk.RESULTS: Older males living in urban areas who were single, smokers, and non-drinkers were found to have a significantly higher incidence of glaucoma (all p<0.05). Diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease were also associated with higher glaucoma risk, while dyslipidemia was associated with lower risk (all p<0.05). After the model was adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related variables, obesity was significantly associated with a 10.2% decrease in glaucoma risk according to the Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.97) and an 11.8% risk reduction in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.97). A further subgroup analysis showed that obesity was associated with a reduced risk of glaucoma in people living in rural areas, in smokers, and in those with kidney disease (all p<0.05). Obesity also reduced glaucoma risk in people with diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia more than in healthy controls (all p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: This cohort study suggests that obesity was associated with a reduced risk of glaucoma, especially in rural residents, smokers, and people with kidney disease. Obesity exerted a stronger protective effect in people with diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than in healthy people.

Background: The contribution of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to mortality in diabetic patients is unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between diabetics with CKD and mortality in middle-aged and elderly people of different ages. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, including 1,715 diabetic individuals, 13.1% of whom also had CKD. Diabetes and CKD were assessed by combining the physical measurements and self-reports. We fitted Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the effect of diabetics with CKD on mortality in middle-aged and elderly people. The risk factors for death were further predicted based on age stratification. Results: The mortality rate of diabetic patients with CKD (29.3%) was increased as compared to that of diabetic patients without CKD (12.4%). Diabetics with CKD were at a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those without CKD, with a hazard ratio of 1.921 (95% CI: 1.438, 2.566). Additionally, for participants 45 to 67 years of age, the hazard ratio was 2.530 (95% CI: 1.624, 3.943). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that, for diabetics, CKD was a chronic stressor that led to death in middle-aged and elderly people, especially among participants aged 45 to 67 years.

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202601000-00043/figure1/v/2026-04-22T161640Z/r/image-tiff Progressive photoreceptor cell death is one of the main pathological features of age-related macular degeneration and eventually leads to vision loss. Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be associated with retinal degenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and photoreceptor cell death in age-related macular degeneration remain largely unexplored. Bioinformatics and biochemical analyses in this study revealed xC ^– , solute carrier family 7 member 11-regulated ferroptosis as the predominant pathological process of photoreceptor cell degeneration in a light-induced dry age-related macular degeneration mouse model. This process involves the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2-solute carrier family 7 member 11-glutathione peroxidase 4 signaling pathway, through which cystine depletion, iron ion accumulation, and enhanced lipid peroxidation ultimately lead to photoreceptor cell death and subsequent visual function impairment. We demonstrated that solute carrier family 7 member 11 overexpression blocked this process by inhibiting oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo . Conversely, solute carrier family 7 member 11 knockdown or the solute carrier family 7 member 11 inhibitor sulfasalazine and ferroptosis-inducing agent erastin aggravated H ₂ O ₂ -induced ferroptosis of 661W cells. These findings indicate solute carrier family 7 member 11 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with retinal degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVES: This population-based, prospective cohort study investigated the association between glaucoma and mortality in older adults.METHODS: Participants aged 45 years or older at baseline (47.9% male) were enrolled in 2011 for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All-cause mortality was observed during 7 years of follow-up. The baseline data were collected in the 2011 CHARLS, and participants were followed up for 7 years (until 2018). The risk of all-cause mortality was investigated using Cox proportional-hazards regression with age as the time scale, adjusting for significant risk factors and comorbid conditions.RESULTS: Among the 14,803 participants included, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher among people with glaucoma than among those without glaucoma, after adjustment for other confounders (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.03). In a subgroup analysis based on the mean age of death, among those who were 75 years and older (n=1,231), the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than in those without glaucoma (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.89).CONCLUSIONS: Participants with glaucoma had a higher risk of all-cause mortality, especially those aged 75 years and above. Our findings revealed potential mechanisms underlying an association between glaucoma and all-cause mortality. They also highlighted the importance of glaucoma management to prevent premature death in middle-aged and older adults.

Objective: To investigate the association between glaucoma and mortality in the older population.Design: Population-based, prospective cohort study.Participants: Participants aged 45 years or older at baseline (47.9% male) were enrolled in 2011 for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All-cause mortality of the participants was observed during seven years of follow-up.Methods: The baseline data were collected in the 2011 CHARLS, and participants were followed up for seven years (until 2018). The risk of all-cause mortality was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the time scale, adjusting for significant risk factors and comorbid conditions.Main outcome measures: Mortality, resulting from all causes.Results: Among the 14,803 participants included, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher among people with glaucoma than among those without glaucoma, after adjustment for other confounders (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.159, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.549-3.008). In a subgroup analysis based on the mean age of death, among those who were 75 years and older (n = 563), the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than in those without glaucoma (HR: 1.907, 95% CI: 1.249-2.911).Conclusions: Participants with glaucoma were at an increased risk for all-cause mortality, especially those participants aged 75 years and above. Our findings revealed possible underlying mechanisms creating the association between glaucoma and all-cause mortality, and they highlighted the importance of glaucoma management to prevent premature death in middle-aged and older adults.

Purpose: To compare the postoperative rotational stability of three toric intraocular lens (IOL) platforms and identify platform-specific biometric factors associated with rotation. Setting: Three eye centers in China. Design: Prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 256 eyes of 172 cataract patients with regular corneal astigmatism that completed 3 months of follow-up after phacoemulsification with implantation of TECNIS Toric II, Clareon Toric, or AT TORBI 709M were included. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 toric IOL platforms. Baseline rotational alignment was defined at the end of surgery and compared with retroillumination images obtained at 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Results: Absolute rotation changed most prominently within the first week and then progressively stabilized. Rotational stability was reached earlier in the ZCU and CNW0T groups, which plateaued at 1 week, whereas the 709 approached stability between 2 weeks and 1 month. Throughout follow-up, the 709 showed greater rotation than the CNW0T, whereas the ZCU demonstrated the least rotation. Significant rotation of ≥10° occurred in 1.2%, 2.4%, and 12.2% of eyes, respectively. White-to-white distance was associated with greater rotation in the CNW0T and 709 groups, lens thickness was additionally associated with greater rotation in the 709 group, and no biometric factor reached significance in the ZCU group. Conclusions: Hydrophobic C-loop toric IOLs showed better early rotational stability than the hydrophilic plate-haptic toric IOL. Biometric correlates of rotation differed across platforms, supporting individualized toric IOL selection and postoperative monitoring.