A cataract is a condition that causes 17 million people to experience blindness and is the most significant cause of vision loss, around 47.9%. The formation of cataracts is linked to both the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of endogenous antioxidants. ROS are highly reactive molecules produced by oxygen. Examples of ROS include peroxides, super-oxides, and hydroxyl radicals. ROS are produced in cellular responses to xenobiotics and bacterial invasion and during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Excessive ROS can trigger oxidative stress that initiates the progression of eye lens opacities. ROS and other free radicals are highly reactive molecules because their outer orbitals have one or more unpaired electrons and can be neutralized by electron-donating compounds, such as antioxidants. Examples of natural antioxidant compounds are vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Numerous studies have demonstrated that plants contain numerous antioxidant compounds that can be used as cataract preventatives or inhibitors. Natural antioxidant extracts for cataract therapy may be investigated further in light of these findings, which show that consuming a sufficient amount of antioxidant-rich plants is an excellent approach to cataract prevention. Several other natural compounds also prevent cataracts by inhibiting aldose reductase and preventing apoptosis of the eye lens.

Abstrak: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) adalah terkumpulnya cairan serosa di bawah lapisan epitel pigmen retina yang mengakibatkan terlepasnya retina neurosensorik (detachment). Keadaan ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor risiko, termasuk stres psikologik. Jenis kelamin laki-laki merupakan salah satu faktor risiko CSC. Terapi kondisi psikologik merupakan pena-nganan utama CSC yang diinduksi oleh stres kerja. Kami melaporkan seorang laki-laki berusia 27 tahun yang datang ke Poliklinik Mata RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital dengan keluhan kekaburan mata kanan yang mendadak sejak seminggu lalu tanpa didahului oleh nyeri pada mata. Pasien juga mengalami kesulitan dalam membaca teks dan mengenali wajah bila hanya menggunakan mata kanannya. Pasien telah pergi ke optik tetapi tidak mendapatkan ukuran kacamata yang sesuai. Pasien bekerja sebagai tenaga administrasi dan akhir-akhir ini mendapatkan beban kerja berlebihan. Pasien mengakui bahwa ia mengalami kesulitan dalam mengatur aktivitasnya, dan merasakan kelelahan sepanjang hari serta kehilangan minat kerja. Hasil pemeriksaan mata mendapatkan visus 6/15 untuk mata kanan dan visus 6/6 untuk mata kiri, dan metamorphopsia sedangkan hasil pemeriksaan oftalmoskopi memperlihatkan adanya edema dengan lingkaran kekuningan dan berbatas tidak jelas pada mata kanan. Pemeriksaan lanjut dengan OCT menunjukkan adanya cairan subretinal pada mata kanan disertai terlepasnya lapisan epitel pigmen. Saat kontrol setelah 36 hari, visus mata kanan telah membaik 6/6F2 dan peme-riksaan OCT menunjukkan penurunan tebal makula dari 289 μm pada kunjugan pertama men-jadi 190 μm, serta tidak tampak adanya cairan subretinal. Simpulan kasus ini ialah central serous chorioretinopathy yang diinduksi oleh stres kerja, dengan penanganan utama ialah terapi psikologik untuk memperbaiki kualitas hidup.Kata kunci: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), stres kerja Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a condition where serous fluid builds up in the retinal pigment epithelium layer which causes neurosensory retinal detachment. This condition is affected by many risk factors, including psychological stress. Male gender is one of the risk factors for CSC. Treatment to the patient's psychological condition can be the main therapy in handling CSC induced by work stress. We reported a 27-year-old male came to the eye clinic at Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital complaining of sudden blurred vision in his right eye a week ago without initial pain in the eye. The patient also experienced difficulty in reading text and recognizing people’s face using the right eye. The patient went to an optic store but he did not find suitable glasses. The patient works as an administrative employee and is currently getting a heavy workload at his workplace. The patient admitted that he had issues in managing his life in a day. Patients felt tired throughout the day and had no interest in making any activities. The results of the eye examination showed vision 6/15 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye, metamorphopsia, edema with a yellowish circle with an unclear border on the right eye using ophthalmoscopy examination, and a subretinal fluid image in the patient's right eye with epithelial detachment pigment acquired through the examination with OCT. After 36 days from the first visit, the right eye vision was improved to 6/6 F2 and OCT examination resulted in a decrease in macula thickness from 289 μm at the first visit to 190 μm, and there was no subretinal fluid. In conclusion, this was a CSC case induced by work stress, and the main treatment was psychological therapy in order to improve the quality of life (QoL).Keywords: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), work stress

Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The procedure needs anesthetic agent to overcome the pain. Two widely used anesthetic agents are used in this study which are tetracaine 0.5% eyedrops and lidocaine 2% gel. This study aimed to compare the effectivity and efficacy of both anesthetic agents. A prospective randomized controlled trial was done to 40 eyes divided into two groups, group A was treated with tetracaine 0.5% eyedrop and group B with lidocaine 2% gel. Pain score was obtained subjectively from the patient and recorded during four stages of procedure. The results showed that the mean age was 56.5 years in Group A and 53.20 years in group B. Average procedure duration was 8.7 minutes in group A and 9.35 minutes in group B. Average 5 minutes pain level was 3.05 and 2.10 in group A and B consecutively. Average 10 minutes pain level was 2.65 and 2.45 in group A and B consecutively. Average during procedure pain level was 2.70 and 3.40 in group A and Group B, and average post procedure pain level was 1.20 in Group A and 1.55 in Group B. There was no significant difference between both groups’ parameters. In conclusion, the use of both agents is interchangeable and shows no differences in efficacy and effectivity. Keywords: panretinal photocoagulation; proliferative diabetic retinopathy; anesthetic agent; tetracaine; lidocaine

Introduction Rhegmatogenous retinal detachmet (RRD) is an ophthalmology urgency that can cause blindness if treated late. Incidence of RRD has increasing overtime. We describe the clinical characteristics of vitrectomy patients in RRD cases at prof dr R D Kandou hospital, north Sulawesi Province, Manado City, Indonesia. Method The study was conducted based on a retrospective search on the medical record data of 72 RRD patients who underwent vitrectomy in the period June 2018-2020. result The most gender was male as many as 43 patients (59.70%), the most age were in the 51-60 years range as many as 33 patients (45.83%), the eyes affected by RRD were mostly right eyes as many as 41 patients (56, 9%), the location of the break was mostly in the superotemporal area as many as 28 (38.9%), the status of the macula was mostly macular off as many as 44 patients (61.10%), the anesthesia used was local anesthesia in 69 patients (95.80 %), the time taken for the procedure was more than 1 month for all patients. conclusion The clinical characteristics of RRD patients at Prof dr R D Kandou Hospital are in line with trends in several places in the world. Time to do vitrectomy need to be evaluated and corrected to improve visual prognosis.

Corticosteroid-Induced Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

: Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disorder that attacks several organs of the body, including the eyes. Ocular manifestation of this disease could be a sign of SLE activity and can cause decreased vision function to blindness. SLE can also affect extraocular tissue, anterior segment, posterior segment, and the optic nerve. The assessment of eye abnormalities that may arise due to SLE should alert the ophthalmologists. Treatment can be either local or systematic. The systematic management includes antimalarial agent, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents. Cooperation among divisions and other medical fields is needed in the treatment of SLE. This paper aims to present the ocular manifestations of SLE, and is expected to improve the diagnostic quality, especially in terms of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Keywords: systemic lupus erythematosus; ocular manifestation Abstrak: Sistemik lupus eritematosus merupakan kelainan jaringan ikat yang yang menyerang beberapa organ tubuh termasuk mata. Gangguan pada mata ini dapat menjadi tanda keaktifan SLE, dan menyebabkan penurunan fungsi penglihatan hingga kebutaan. SLE dapat memengaruhi jaringan ekstraokular, segmen anterior, segmen posterior, dan saraf optik. Pengkajian kelainan mata yang mungkin timbul akibat SLE ini perlu mendapat perhatian oleh dokter mata. Tatalaksana dapat berupa tatalaksana lokal maupun sistemik. Tatalaksana sistemik berupa obat-obatan anti malaria, kortikosteroid, imunomodulator, dan agen biologis. Kerjasama antar divisi dan bidang kedokteran lainnya diperlukan dalam penanganan SLE. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menge-mukakan manfestasi klinis SLE pada mata dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas diagnostik terutama dalam hal diagnosis dini dan tatalaksana yang cepat dan tepat. Kata kunci: sistemik lupus eritematosus; manifestasi okular